Time Value of Money and Positive Rate Essay Example

Time Value of Money and Positive Rate Paper Bal. Your grandmother invested one lump sum 17 years ago at 4. 25 percent interest. Today, she gave you the proceeds of that investment which totaled $5,539. 92. How much did your grandmother originally invest? A. B. D. E. $2,700. 00 $2,730. 30 $2,750. 00 $2,768. 40 $2,774. 90 Forty years ago, your father invested $2,500. Today that investment is worth $107,921. What is the average rate of return your father earned on his investment? 8. 50 percent 9. 33 percent 9. 50 percent 9. 87 percent 9. 99 percent An annuity stream of cash flow payments is a set of: level cash flows occurring each time period for a fixed length of time. Level cash flows occurring each time period forever. . Increasing cash flows occurring each time period for a fixed length of time. D. Increasing cash flows occurring each time period forever. E. Arbitrary cash flows occurring each time period for no more than 10 years. An annuity stream where the payments occur forever is called a(n): annuity due. Indemnity. Perpetuity. Amortized cash flow stream. Amortization table. The interest rate expressed as if it were compounded once per year is called the rate. Be. Stated interest compound interest effective annual periodic interest daily interest The interest rate charged per period multiplied by the number of periods per year is called the a. Effective annual b. Annual percentage c. Periodic interest d. Compound interest e. Daily interest b 7. You are comparing two investment options. The cost to invest in either option is the same today. Both options will provide you with 320,000 of income. We will write a custom essay sample on Time Value of Money and Positive Rate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Time Value of Money and Positive Rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Time Value of Money and Positive Rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Option A pays five annual payments starting with $8,000 the first year followed by four annual payments Of $3,000 each. Option B pays five annual payments Of $4,000 each. Which one of the following statements is correct given these two investment options? A. Both options are of equal value given that they both provide $20,000 of Income. B. Option A is the better choice of the given any positive rate of return. C. Option B has a higher present value than option A given a positive rate of return. D. Option B has a lower future value at year 5 than option A given a zero ate of return.

New Media Technologies

New Media Technologies Introduction The way consumers access information, news and communicate has been greatly changed by the emergence of web 2.0 technologies which incorporate user-generated content and streamlined web design. New media technologies have enhanced users’ active role in communication and information and changed people’s perception of the internet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Media Technologies and Its Role in the Perception of the Internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The new media involve the convergence of media and technology; it is the replacement of analogue technology with the digital one. New media encompass the internet, new video and audio recording, the mobile media and computer gaming (USAID, 2008). Primarily, the functions of the new media were only restricted to entertainment and communication sector but with the advent of new media technology there has been a widespread impact on so cial, economic and political spheres of human life (Berger, 2007). New media technology is defined as any kind of application that is used to transfer information through digital technology. It is interactive and can be transferred by placing it in a compressed data that can be accessed in several markets. The conclusion expounds on digital divide which is a common phenomenon in the digital technology age and seeks to analyze why does the difference occurs, its causes and its effects, whether long-term or short-term. Digital divide is understood as the gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic regions concerning their opportunities to access to information and communication technologies (Hassan Thomas, 2006). The thesis argument is based on this quote, â€Å"with the convergence of the telecommunication, media, and computer industries we are now entering a new phase of media development† (USAID, 2008. P.10). This thesis seeks to explain the idea that dig ital technologies have in the past and succeeding years transformed our world; it explains how new media have informationalised the society. The thesis seeks to justify the fact that the world is undergoing through a technological, cultural, political and economic phase of change that is brought about by the new media. Socioeconomic Impact within our Society A good innovation must be beneficial to the society; it should create room for the following: facilitate change, allow for adaptability, have connection to realization of personal goals, fulfilling of individual activities and careers and it should enhance lifelong learning. The new media technology has both social and economic impact on the contemporary society.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The invention of the World Wide Web (WWW) is considered the turning point of new media technology revolution. World Wide Web is used to transmit information over the computer and it has emerged as a very important tool of communication used in schools, by governments, by companies and almost in every social institution. The new media technology has revolutionized communication since people use the web to communicate, that is, the web is used to distribute information; it is also used as a basis of interaction (Bucy, 2005). New media technology is a key component of business. The web for example is used by the banking industry to serve their customers online. The virtual cash which is a creation of modern media has enhanced the promotional market and hence an actual market for trade. New media have also revolutionized education. The academic achievements of the students have improved due to the use of technology. New media has led to the death of distance. Distance has been eliminated as a factor in communication. The bonding between people working in different parts of the world has been strength ened by enhanced communication brought about by new media. Through the new media, new information and ideas travel faster to all parts of the world. People have access to knowledge and it also enables people to acquire new skills. The convergence of media into internet devices like mobile phones and computers is an indication that people are consuming information and interacting with the news, broadcasts and the entertainment media. New media have united people of all walks of life through social networking sites, wikis and blogs. These have altered the way people interact in the society. The younger generation has for example adopted different various ways of learning and sharing information. Consequently, new media have revolutionized the political sphere of the society. People can share information and ideas through the new media with anonymity. Freedom of expression has been expanded by the new media. This is whereby people have had their rights in criticizing political, educati onal and religious sectors (Berger, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Media Technologies and Its Role in the Perception of the Internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Negatively the media has led to the invasion of societal and individual privacy. Pictures and statements which are online can be copied for redistribution. This requires the consumers to take precautions when using digital technology by making their secret codes confidential. There is increase in the population of people with access to internet. This has enabled them to acquire new skills that are needed in order to participate in online based activities which are an indication of increasing social and political involvement. Consequently, the intensification of internet-oriented activism by the use of digital technology has strengthened the role of civil society hence underpinning the potentiality of new media being used as a democratic inst rument. Video games have also been used to influence the social attitudes of the people. It has been used as a popular tool by social activists to raise awareness about social issues facing the society (Larabie, 2011). Consequences of New Media on the Global Economy Location and distance is no longer considered a factor in business decisions. Various business and companies, with the advent of new media are able to organize their shifts based on specific time zones. Companies, through the internet can locate any screen-based activity in any place around the world; they may also get the best skills and productivity around the world. By utilizing the new media technology, companies can transact and perform their duties, for instance, monitoring of stock exchange rate, monitoring the security systems online and the running of call centers which is done online. Through the new media, small companies have managed to provide services and goods or to perform business operations which were t he preserve of big companies. Consequently, companies and consumers can have access to accurate information about prices in international market. This is necessary to curb inflation and to enhance competition on the international market (Bucy, 2005). New media technologies have influenced the way firms are managed and firm’s organizational strategy. This has prompted the adoption of new models. The global economy has been particularly affected by internet, intranet and video conferencing. With the advent of new media, several companies use websites to sell their products.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Importance of Understanding the Impact of New Media Technology The impacts of new media technology is relevant in the sense that it affects the economic, social, political, and cultural spheres of human life. New media technology is dynamic and people may not have all instruments of new media or they may have them but may not have the capacity to use them. Digital divide is a term used to describe the difference between people who use the new media and those who do not access the new media technologies. Understanding new media technology is necessary since there are various aspects of new media and there exists several contentious issues in the new media debate like matters of policy (Bucy, 2005). This argument is reinforced by the associational mode theory of communication. This is a situation where parties in a communication state are attached to a particular group and a specific media based on their shared beliefs (Anon., 2011). Conclusion Digital divide is a common phenomenon in the digital technology era. Digital divide can exist between individuals, countries or cities. It may depend on factors like economic class, education level and the industrial capacity in case of states. Digital divide is a reflection of existing difference between countries. The gap between accessibility and use of latest information and communication technologies is increasingly and alarmingly widening. This is due to the desire of human beings to fully satisfy their basic needs, limited or lack of computer knowledge by some people and also unavailability of funds. In five to 25 years, the narrowing of the digital divide will not have been realized fully. It is acknowledgeable that the gap keeps narrowing with increasing years; this is because the factors responsible for widening the divide are being met at a slower rate. These factors include: the continued expansion of internet access, limited income, age, geographical location and the type of the household. Various governments ’ believe that information is power and hence they are motivated to increase access to information and communication technology for their citizens. There is for governments to invest more in the new media technologies because as the wave of globalization intensifies new media technology are absolutely taking over the interaction of everyday activities. References Anon. (2011). Media theory and theorists. Web. Berger, A.A. (2007). Media and society: a critical perspective (2nd ed). New York, NY: Rowman Littlefield. Bucy, E. (2005). Living in the information age: A new media reader (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Hassan, R Thomas, J. (2006). The new media theory reader. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International. Larabie, C. (2011). Editorial: A Reflection on the role of new media: From Peer-to-Peer to Protest. The McMaster Journal of Communication, 7(1), pp. 1-10. Web. USAID. (2008). New media and international media development. Pustaka. Web.

Descartes theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Descartes theory - Essay Example The essential property of a mind is that it thinks; the essential property of body is that it is "extended." Each thought is a modification of mind; each physical object, a modification of matter. Since mind is different from body (otherwise, they would not be two distinct substances), its essential characteristics must be different from those of body. This means that minds cannot take up space or be extended. If they were, they would be forms of body. Body, in contrast to mind, is that which is extended. Every form in which a material object can exist can be defined or described in forms of its extensional features-size, shape, position, movement. 2. Explain how Descartes' method of doubt was supposed to insure certain knowledge. What is the special role of innate ideas in Descartes' theory of knowledge Which ideas did Descartes considered to be innate How are innate ideas different from other types of ideas Descartes' method of doubt says that he wishes to examine those things which he thinks to be true and set aside all those beliefs of which there might be some doubt.

Critique art piece in an analytical and historical context Essay

Critique art piece in an analytical and historical context - Essay Example This master piece has a unique history as it was a wedding gift from Raphael to his close friend Lorenzo Nasi whose house was completely ruined by an earthquake and this master piece was broken into seventeen pieces. It was refurbished in 2008 by Patrizia Riitano, however, the visibility of the damage is still be seen. The title of the Art selected for the study is â€Å"Madonna of the Goldfinch†. This beautiful picture was painted by one of the great painters and architect, Raffaello Sanzio. This great picture was made by â€Å"Oil on Wood† during 1505-1506. It has a dimension of 107  cm Ãâ€"  77  cm (42  in Ãâ€"  30  in). The selected art was made on â€Å"Florentine Art† which was extremely unique at that time in Europe. This master piece is present in the Galleria Degli Uffizi, Florence. This great painter was born on 6th April 1483 in Urbino Italy. He lost both of his parents at the age of four. It was painted by him at the age of 23.Majority of his work was primarily done in Vatican. If analyzed closely, Rafaello’s work consisted of three different phases i.e. this work in early phase was under the influence of his teacher, the second phase reflects his city work for four years and the final was the par excellence period where he produced his classy work. His work boomed especially when he approached â€Å"The Florentine Art Circles† (Bossy et al., 2001). Raffaello Sanzsio was famous for his elegance and beauty that is why well respected and loved widely from pope to women. The death took him at very early age of thirty seven however his artist work remained alive and divine for the generations to come. The master piece with the natural eye is a treat to watch. It is even more pleasure to see if someone read the history about the painted pitcher; from the eye to describe the picture depicts the personnel namely Mary, Christ, and John Baptist which is a beautiful miniature

Markets and customers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Markets and customers - Essay Example mportance of the four P’s, followed by the definition and relevance of marketing mix and then finally go on to understanding (with the help of examples) how the 4 Ps are interdependent on each other and a change in one directly impacts the success of the rest. ‘People think that a product is a tangible offering, but a product can be more than that. A product can be anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need. Products that are marketed include physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations, information and ideas.’ (Kotler et al, 2007: 316). Services also form an important part of products. ‘It is wrong to imply that services are just like products â€Å"except† for intangibility.’ (Shostack, 1977: 73). With the changing trends all across the globe, services have become a very important section which contributes towards a country’s GDP. How much services sector has grown can be seen from the fact that this sector contributes more than 75% in the GDPs of countries like The United States and The United Kingdom. Price is the monetary equivalent that we pay in return for services and products which we consume. According to me, price plays the most important role out of the four P’s of study. ‘Some examples of pricing decisions to be made include: pricing strategy, suggested retail price, etc.’ (The Marketing Mix (The 4 P’s of Marketing) NetMBA, 2007) Place talks about the location from where we want to sell the products and services. It refers to the distribution channel involved in the supply chain. This gives us the information about how many channels a product passes through before it finally reaches the customer. ‘Some examples of place decisions to be made include: distribution channel, market coverage, etc.’ (The Marketing Mix (The 4 P’s of Marketing) NetMBA, 2007) Promotion includes the activities undertaken by the seller to make the customer aware of the products and

Communication Strategies Used By Vietnamese Students Cultural Studies Essay

Communication Strategies Used By Vietnamese Students Cultural Studies Essay In Vietnam, English is now the most popular foreign language and anyone who would like to integrate themslves into the global society and access the worlds knowlege to be sucessful in life is aware that English competence is one the most important characteristics they need to have. English is seen every where in education, business, entertainment and cultural exchanges. Therefore, English is becoming the main communication language in the country. In light of sociolinguistics development, linguistic researchers have been paying more and more attention to the importance of communication in its social context. The social factors in communication competence have been recognized and studied. These have impacted strongly on teaching and learning the language. English learning is changing basically and positively. Learners of English do not learn English for the sake of learning itself by treating grammatical knowledge primarily and separately but in the belief that it is more important to communicate effectively in the language by sending and receiving messages, creating meaning and negotiating meaning. These lead to the tendency toward which communication competence has recently been enjoying learners great popularity. However, the effectiveness of communication in the target language is still both learners and teachers deepest concern since learners who have already spent significant periods of time on learning the language to co mmunicate as the main goal of their learning but then most of them encounter too many difficulties in communicating in the language. The learning context In Petrovietnam Manpower Training College, where I am working as a teacher of English, students, the subjects of the research, are engineers and graduates who are recruited to work in Petrovietnams projects and plants taking a special training course. They have graduated university with nearly equivalent English language education but have different English proficiency and like almost Vietnamese students, they have been trying to learn English in purpose of communication but find difficult to communicate in the language. At the college, English is taught as one of the main subjects to equip the students with the language that they would need to perform their job. English speaking is attached special importance to and students are expected to be good at communication in all circumstances after finishing the course. To serve these purposes, communicative language teaching Approach (CLT) is applied in teaching these students so that they can particularly improve their communicative skil ls. The rationales and purpose of the research. Communication is interactive. So in pre-intermediate speaking class, students are usually given topics to discuss in groups with the assistant of their teacher before presenting their ideas to the class. These activities aim to get students involved in interpersonal communication or interaction to compensate their lack of practice in the EFL environment. These tasks require the students big effort in trying to understand the others and getting themselves understood using any means at their learning stage. According to my observation, in most situations, students at this level of English proficiency appear to struggle with expressing their thoughts because of their deficiency in linguistic proficiency, general knowledge of the given topics or confidence in using the language. Some of them exert themselves to the utmost to reach their communicative goals by unconsciously or consciously using different strategies to solve their particular communication problems and relatively confident in completing the given task meanwhile the others just keep silent because they do not know what to do to deal with the problems they have during the conversation and they fail to keep most of the conversations going on as they want to. So the purpose of this study is to identify the common communication strategies used by the students to enhance efficiency of communication when they deal with the task of group discussion and the communication strategy use of students of different English proficiency. The research questions. The study is conducted to find out the answers to the following questions: What types of communication strategies are used by Vietnamese students in English speaking class to compensate for their breakdowns in communication and to enhance communicative effectiveness in small group discussion? Do students of different English proficiency employ communication strategies differently? Definitions of key terms. The term communication strategies is simply understand as methods or techniques that language users use to help themselves overcome problems occuring during communication to achieve communicative competence LITERATURE REVIEW Communicative competence The main goal of any language learners is to achieve communicative competence to get the best communication proficiency. According to Canale and Swain (1980), to attain communicative competence, learners need to gain the following perfect knowledge: Grammatical competence which is related to the language knowledge (words and grammar rules) itself. Sociolinguistic competence which is concerned to the ability to use and to interpret the utterances appropriately in different sociolinguistic communication situations. Discourse competence is the ability to combine grammatical forms and meanings to achieve a unified spoken or written text Strategic competence is the ability of using verbal and non-verbal communication strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to limiting conditions in actual communication or to insufficient competence in one or more of the other areas of communicative competence and to enhance the effectiveness of communication Among the four components that make up communicative competence, strategic competence is likely relating to EFL learners most because of the problems they commonly run into in communication and the communication strategies they usually employ to solve the problems. These strategies are considered extremely important in negotiating meaning where either linguistic structures or sociolinguistic rules are not shared between a second language learner and a speaker of the target language (OMalley Chamot, 1990, p.43). Canale Swain (1980) once confirm that good strategic competence can help leanres with limiting L2 skills evade communication breakdowns. Communication strategies Many researchers have conducted research or studies on communication strategies so far. Consequently, each of them in their own view states different definitions and classifications of communication strategies. Definitions of communication strategies What happens if interlocutors do not understand each other because of their limited language resources? Can they keep their conversation going on when they can not make themselves understood? Cohen (1990, p.56) believes that a major trait of successful speakers is that they use strategies to keep the conversation going on. They use communication strategies. Tarone (1980, p. 419) describes communication strategy as a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures are not shared. Communication strategies, to Tarones interactional view, are socially-motivated strategies which are used by more than one interlocutors to solve the problems of mutual lack of understanding by negotiating meanings. A communication strategy is simply defined by Corder (1977 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) as a systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his meaning when faced with some difficulty. According to Faerch and Kasper (1983 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) communication strategies are potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal. More relating to forms of discourse, communication strategies in this definition are psychologically-motivated strategies which are related to mental plans of each interlocutor implemented in response to the problems of expression. Different authors define communication strategies differently. However , most of the definitions show the purpose of communication strategies which is to deal with the problems that the language users face up to when communicating by employing appropriate techniques. Classifications of Communication strategies. In the research on communication strategies, Dornyei, Faerch and Kasper and Tarone introduced their own classifications of communication strategies and their classifications. Dornyei (1995 as cited in Brown, 2000) shows two branches of strategies: negative and positive. Avoidence strategies (negative): topic avoidance and message abandonment Compensatory strategies (positive): circumlocution, approximation,use of all purpose words, word coinage, prefabricated patterns, non-linguistic signal, literal translation, foreignizing, code switch, appeal for help, stalling or time-gaining strategies. Faerch and Kasper (1983) classify communication strategies in to two main categories with their subcategories: Avoidance behavior reduction strategies: Formal reduction: phonological, morphological  , syntactic and lexical. Function reduction: reduction of speech art modality, reduction of propositional context Achievement behavior compensatory strategies. Code switching Interlingual transfer: generalization, paraphrasing, word coinage, restructuring. Cooperative strategies Non-linguistic strategies However, Tarones typology of conscious communication strategies (1977 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) seems to be simpler. Tarone classifies communication strategies into the following categories: Avoidance: topic avoidance and message abandonment Paraphrase: approximation, word coinage, circumlocution. Conscious transfer: literal translation, language switch Appeal for assistance Mime: Prior research found that all language users used communication strategies consciously or unconsciously. Bialystok observes that communication strategies should be classified according to different cognitive processes and should be seen as a process of language use. I agrees with her at this point because of the fact that as language users, we all know that communication breakdowns may occur with anyone at any time during a conversation and when these problems happen, we all try some ways to get out of the trouble by using some techniques called communication strategies. Besides, Bialystok insists that communicative strategies are used by language user in both L1 and L2, in this view, communicative strategies only reflect the way in which the language processing system extends and adapts to the demands of communication (Lee, 2004). In fact, the communication strategy use occurs during communicating consciously or unconsciously. However, learning and using a language are activities related to cognitive processes so when language learners use the language and the breakdowns come, they are aware of what situation they are in and consciously think of an escape by employing different negative or positive strategies solve the problems like avoiding talking about the topic or concept that they do not know much, leaving the utterance unfinished, using many words to describe , creating new word or switch to their mother tongue when they cannot find the right words to use and et ceteras. So, what exactly do learners do in each communication strategy? In this paper, I would like to focus on the simpler classification, Tarones typology of conscious communication strategies but in comparison with the other two of Dornyei and Faerch and Kasper . Avoidance strategies Both Dornyei and Tarone define avoidance strategies in the same way by mainly referring to two substrategies: Message abandonment strategy which is used by learners when they encounters language difficulties. To deal with these unpleasant situations, learners tend to leave their utterance unfinished. Topic avoidance is another strategy learners use when they lack of or forget necessary linguistic knowledge to express their thoughts on the topic. Their language difficulties may related to vocabulary or grammar rules that they do not know or remember. To overcome them, learners keep way from talking about the topic. In my experience of teaching, students of very low proficiency usually use these strategies because of their serious deficiency for the target language instead of using the strategies called compensatory strategies in Dornyeis or Faerch and Kaspers classifications or paraphrase and conscious transfer strategies as Tarone mentions in her typology of conscious communication strategies. Paraphrase Including circumlocution, word coinage and approximation which Faerch and Kasper suggest can promote learning as well Circumlocution strategy Bialystok argues that circumlocution strategy in fact is paraphrasing strategy. In terms of linguistic, the conception of the two strategies are very similar. Both strategies help learners make good use of simpler language or structures they have at their learning stage to convey their thoughts that need more complicated vocabulary and grammar rules to express. Dornyei states that circumlocution is the strategy used by learners when they want to describe something that cannot find the exact word or phrase to use by paraphrasing it. Doing so, they use more words to describe a word in the hope that the listeners can get what they mean by themselves. Approximation strategy Dornyei and Taroneideas meet each other when they name the strategy approximation which Tiono and Sylvia (2004) found to be used the most by students with low communication apprehension and high proficiency in speaking class in Petra Christian University in Surabaya, Indonesia to compensate their failure in retrieving the lexical items they have learned or their deficiency in vocabulary when they are asked to retell a pictorial stories. In the strategy, learners appear to be confident and willing to make mistakes by using an alternative or similar lexical term which they know that is not correct to illustrate the meaning of another word or phrase they aim to refer to. By doing this learners try to make themselves understood by using their limiting vocabulary. Word coinage is another compensatory strategy that learners use when they lack of vocabulary. In this strategy they make up a target language word which is based on the morphological rules that they know well. For example: they know well that worker is a person who works so they create cooker (a person who cooks) from the verb cook. Conscious transfer strategies Literal translation strategy is usually used when the language users share their first language or background. Learners translate a word or an idiom or even a structure from their first language into that of the target language. In my learning context, learners use literal translation mostly when they have difficulties with finding correct collocations for a word. In this case they tend to translate word for word from another language. For example: deep coffee ( which is not stated in dictionary) for strong coffee. However, relating to translating a structure from learners first language, Faerch and Kasper name the strategy Restructuring in which learners reformulate the syntax of their utterance. Language switch strategy or code switch or code switching by Dornyei or Faerch and Kasper In this strategy, learners use lexical terms or sentences from their first language when they cannot find the appropriate ones in the target language to express their thoughts (They insert some words or phrases from their first language). The strategy is also often employed by first language or background shared learners. This strategies may be expected to use the most by the subjects of this study for all of them are Vietnamese and in reality, it is also easy to see this in any of the English class in Vietnam. Appeal for assistance Explicit request is the strategy where learners ask for help from the other people like more advanced learners or teacher by saying How do you sayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.? or What is this calledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.?. Referring to dictionary strategy is made use by learners when they need the correct words or structures Mine or Non-verbal communicative strategy also what Dornyei calls non-linguistic signal or Non-linguistic strategy by Faerch and Kasper. In this strategy, learners use non-verbal language like gestures, facial expression or even imitating sounds to express meanings. Mine and message abandonment seem to be coi in Faerch and Kasper in terms of learning. They think that these two strategies cannot help learners with their learning. But as a teacher I share Tarones opinion that in some extent, by using these two strategies, the speaker can get help from the listener to find the appropriate or correct word or structure to express what he or she wants to say. In both teaching and learning context, mine and message abandonment can be positive signals from the learners to interact with their teacher so that they can be taught event while communicating. The review of related studies Many studies and research have been done so far on communication strategies and their findings showed that almost every strategy were used by learners. However what strategies employed were contingent a lot on the task given because different problems would arise depending on different types of task, one -way task or two- way one (Mei Nathalang, 2010). So that the task requires learners different effort and strategies to solve the problems. It is easy to understand this because less interactive activities exist in one -way task like story telling while two- way task like role playing or discussing includes mostly interaction. To deal with one-way task, learners tend to use paraphrase, restructuring and message abandonment since these strategies helps them to make clear the meanings as they try to ensure the listeners comprehension. Whereas to deal with interactive task like doing role play or discussing, learners need to make special effort to negotiate to get communication goals so they cannot simply employ avoidance strategies if they still want their conversation to continue and reach a mutual agreement on what they exactly mean. This agrees with the finding of Dobao Martinezs study of Negotiating Meaning in Interaction between English and Spanish Speakers via Communicative Strategies. The finding revealed that in interaction, when linguistic problems arose, intermediate or advanced EFL learners and their interlocut ors (who were English native speakers or other EFL learners of their level) worked together to find solution by coordinating their use of CS, negotiating meanings to reach a mutual agreement on the learners originally intended meaning. Prior research also showed that the numbers of strategies used by learners were not influenced by their target language proficiency (Ting Phan, 2008). However, concerning to only the numbers of strategies used by learners is not enough in terms of language teaching and learning. Fortunately, the result found in Kwoks study of communication strategies used by Hong kong students in small group discussion (1987) revealed that students were able to make good use of different communication strategies in discussion to make their communication more effective. Moreover, the result also showed that the more the students mastered the communication strategies, the much better they could do in small group discussion. Althought Bialystok believes that we should teach learners language rather than strategy but as a teacher I do argue in favour of implication about teaching strategies to learners from studies of Manchà ³n (1999) and Faucette (2001). In my learning context, the class with both high and low proficiency learners is common. So it is not difficult to recognize types of strategies that different learners use when the language problems arise and the effectiveness of strategy use that the learners achieve in communication thought what is seen in the learning context can be subjectively observed and assessed. So, the study is hopefully an opportunity to confirm the phenomenon through its findings. SHORT CONCLUSION The fact is that learners can frequently run into communication difficulties because of varied reasons related to language problems and all of them find some ways to escape from the trouble they got in. Those ways are called communication strategies. Looking back at the studies and research that have been done on communication strategies so far, some significant pedagogic implication have been recognized. That is communication strategy use can promote learners communicative competence or the confirmation that employing appropriate strategies can enhance communication effectiveness and communication strategy use is teachable. So, what types of communication strategies that can help learners increase communication efficacy should be considered mainly in this paper in the hope that more useful pedagogic implication closely involved English teaching will be found as reference for language teachers to deal better with their job as well as to help their students improve their learning.

American Indians Essay -- essays research papers

“’Indians’: Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History';, an essay written by Jane Tompkins, a professor of English at Duke University, outlines Tompkins dissatisfaction on how American Indians are portrayed throughout history. As children, we are taught that in “1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue';, and that Peter Minuet bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians for only twenty-four dollars worth of trinkets. In high school, we were taught that in World War II, the Germans were all heartless savages, and that the best course of action to end the war was to use the atomic bomb on Japan. It is seen that “the victor writes the history books.'; In other words, the dominant cultures and societies that conquer and overshadow lesser societies have the privilege of writing history. For example, if Germany won World War II, would the history books have mentioned the holocaust of the Jews? The problem with history is that history is defined in terms of the author’s point of view. There is no scientific process by which history is written; therefore we must discern what is the real truth versus someone’s biases and point of view. “The problem is that if all accounts of events are determined through and through by the observer’s frame of reference, then one will never know, in any given case, what really happened,'; (Tompkins, 410).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tompkins researched s...