Blythe Grossberg - ThoughtCo

The Film I Will Be Evaluating A Sprawling Two Part Sex...

The film I will be evaluating is Nymphomaniac a sprawling two-part sex drama that blurs the line between art and porn. It follows a sex addict named Joe as she’s found battered in an alleyway by an older bachelor named Seligman. In explaining how she came to be in such a condition, flashback scenes unfold in chapters introduced by snapping witty dialogue between Joe and Seligman. It begins with Joe throughout her teenage years, when she first begins to discover her insatiable sexual appetite. Then through her adult life as she is pushed out of normal society. The film whips through a wide range of topics, such as gender role conformity, consent, and, metal dysfunction. To begin with Joe is a self-described nymphomaniac, which is a former term for excessive sexual desire in a woman, which may lead to promiscuous sexual behavior. Most psychologists have argued against the use of the term for year it’s an antiquated and demeaning word used to denigrate sexual women. It is not a medical or psychiatric diagnosis. Her correct diagnosis is hypersexuality, which can apply to anyone, is not a true mental disorder, but a symptom of a much larger problem. I like the title and think it was a fascinating and intentional plot-related choice by Von trier, for this reason that Joe does display other issues like low self-esteem, loneliness, and, attachment avoidance. I like the title it made me think about how we use words. Furthermore, this movie is touted as a pro feminist loveShow MoreRelatedMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesanalysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E NucorRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesprinted and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United

Progress Trends In Hotel Loyalty Marketing -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Progress Trends In Hotel Loyalty Marketing? Answer: Introducation The famous Hyatt regency falls under the category of the best elite and luxury groups of hospitality industry (Tanford et al. 2016). It has build up an immense leading position in the hospitality sector with the help of political support that has enhanced its overall business over the years. It has its own specific interpersonal corporate level policies that are politically supporting the different governments around the world. It pays a huge sum of money to various governments as import duties and thus, it adds up great finance to the GDP of the different governments. Economical Accomplishment of the concatenation and assorted trade names worldwide has made the Hyatt regency stronger than ever on its economical factors. Hyatt regency is widely known for its guest relationship. The hotel provides services to each customer segment ranging from leisure seeking guests to the travelers. It serves majority of its gross towards the Hyatt foundation that helps and serves the other communities in intense demands and therefore, it is acquiring societal value to itself. The Hilton accords a batch of gross to Hilton Community Foundation, which serves the guest community in demand and this is acquiring societal duty to the Hyatt regency. Technological The IT group of the Hyatt regency works effectively in order to supply a long-run engineering solution, which is cost effectual as well as efficient while backing up the request of the concerns (Nofitasari and Nofitasari 2016). The rate of technological diffusion, the cost structure in the lodging industry, the value chain structure in the service sector and the impact of the technology on the product offerings are influencing the Hyatt Hotels Corporation in several different ways. Environmental The different environmental standards have an impact on the overall profitability of the Hyatt Hotels (Cortese and Sahli 2015). Weather; change in climate; recycling of the hotel wastes; attitudes of the hotel staffs towards the ecological products and renewable energy; air, water and environmental pollution regulation; and waste management in the service sector of the hotel are the major environmental factors that are affecting the Hyatt hotels. The legal factors that have an impact on the Hyatt hotels are data protection law, health and safety law, anti-trust law in the lodging industry and the overall in the country (Hwang and Chang 2016). With the same, the discrimination law, intellectual property law, employment law and the e-commerce and consumer protection law also have a great influence on the overall business of the Hyatt Regency. The Micro context The emergence of new entrepreneurial players in the market Entrance of the international competitors in the new and attractive domestic market Threat of Substitute products Video-conferencing Changes in the technology that in turn is demanding for more accommodation Bargaining power of the suppliers Availability of enough finance for the hospitality projects Availability of skilled management and employees Competitiveness of the food and beverage suppliers; ancillary services and of the energy and utilities Bargaining power of the customers Dependency on the fundamental accounts and intermediates, who supplies volume business and negotiate the lower prices Intensity of competitive rivalry Large number of independent players are present in the hotel industry (Jones et al. 2016) Increase in competition Emergence of larger hotels and motels operators SWOT Analysis Differentiated and well illicit approaches are used Decentralized and well organized construction There is a varied choice of service skills in the organization as well as employees. There is a strong status of the Hyatt regency in the external as well as internal competitive market. There are enthusiastic, talented and highly valued personnel in the Hyatt management who are extremely proficient and aggravated as well. Weakness There is a high need for investment in the new technologies. The organizational structure of the Hyatt hotel is only reconcilable with the present business model. This is creating limitation in the expansion of the product segments. The day inventory of the Hyatt regency is higher than that of its competitors. Though the Hyatt regency is a leading organization in its respective industry, still, it has undergone several challenges towards moving for the other product segments along with its existing culture. Hyatt regency is unable to confront the challenges that are presented by the new entrants and it has gradually lost the small market shares in the low categories. It has to build and develop the mechanism of internal feedback directly from the sales team to counter the challenges that it is facing. Opportunities New trends in the behavior of the customers have the potential to open up new markets it. It will provide tremendous opportunity for the Hyatt hotels for building new revenue streams as well as it will build diversity in the categories of the new products. The online channel will bring up new customers for the hotel. Hyatt hotels have invested a huge amount of finance into the online platform and this in turn has opened up new sale channels for it. The company can make use of this opportunity in knowing its customer segments better as well as serving their needs and requirements. Increase in the customer spending and economic uptick is a great opportunity for the Hyatt hotels for increasing its market share and capturing new customers (Nieves, Quintana and Osorio 2016). New technologies give an opportunity to the Hyatt Hotels for practicing the differentiated pricing strategy in new markets. This will help the company to maintain loyal customers along with great services and value oriented propositions. Threats A growing strength of the local distributors is presenting a threat in some of the markets since the competition is reimbursing high margins for the local distributors (Fraj, Matute and Melero 2015). Different countries have different liability laws and the Hyatt Hotels may be subject to different liability claims that have changed the policies in those markets. Hyatt regency can face lawsuits in the upcoming years. New environmental regulations could serve as a threat for the Hyatt hotels as it could be a threat to specific existing categories of product (Tan, Wan and Qiu 2017). References Cortese, C. and Sahli, M., 2015. Environmental Practices and Hotels Performance: an empirical analysis of the accommodation sector in Dubai.The Environment People Nexus in Sustainable Tourism: Finding the Balance, p.118. Fraj, E., Matute, J. and Melero, I., 2015. Environmental strategies and organizational competitiveness in the hotel industry: The role of learning and innovation as determinants of environmental success.Tourism Management,46, pp.30-42. Hwang, S.N. and Chang, T.Y., 2016. Formulating Management Strategy for International Tourist Hotel Using DEA. InData Envelopment Analysis(pp. 289-316). Springer US. Jones, P., Jones, P., Hillier, D., Hillier, D., Comfort, D. and Comfort, D., 2016. Sustainability in the hospitality industry: some personal reflections on corporate challenges and research agendas.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(1), pp.36-67. Nieves, J., Quintana, A. and Osorio, J., 2016. Organizational knowledge, dynamic capabilities and innovation in the hotel industry.Tourism and Hospitality Research,16(2), pp.158-171. Nofitasari, I. and Nofitasari, I., 2016.Strategi Pemasaran Pada Hotel Bayt Kaboki Kuta Bali(Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Udayana). Tan, H., Wan, F. and Qiu, P., 2017. Transformation and Rebirth of Chinese Brands: A Case From the Hotel Industry.Journal of Teaching in International Business,28(2), pp.116-129. Tanford, S., Tanford, S., Shoemaker, S., Shoemaker, S., Dinca, A. and Dinca, A., 2016. Back to the future: progress and trends in hotel loyalty marketing.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(9), pp.1937-1967.

Operational Strategies free essay sample

As Bateman Snell (2013) has expressed that Operational planning identifies the specific procedures and processes required at lower levels of the organization†.Safety First – Never compromise on Safety is the single most important criterion in every aspect of the operations, an area that AirAsia will. AirAsia complies with the conditions set by regulators in all the countries where the airline operates. In addition, AirAsia partners with the world’s most renowned maintenance providers to ensure that its fleet is always in the best condition. High Aircraft Utilisation – AirAsia’s high frequency flights have made it more convenient for guests to travel as the airline implements a quick turnaround of 25 minutes, which is the fastest in the region. This has resulted in high aircraft utilisation, lower costs and greater airline and staff productivity.Low Fare, No Frills – AirAsia targets guests who are prepared to do away with frills such as meals, frequent flyer miles or airport lounges in exchange for fares lower than those currently offered without comprising on quality and service. We will write a custom essay sample on Operational Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Guests have the choice of buying exclusively prepared meals, snacks and drinks from our in-flight service at an affordable price.Streamlined Operations – Making the process as simple as possible is the key to AirAsia’s success. We are working towards a single aircraft fleet; this greatly reduces duplicating manpower requirements as well as stocking of maintenance parts.Lean Distribution System – AirAsia offers a wide and innovative range of distribution channels to make booking and travelling easier for its guests. AirAsia’s ticketless service provides a low cost alternative to issuing printed tickets.Point to Point Network – The LCC model adopts the simple point-to-point network. All AirAsia flights are short haul (four-hour flight radius or less) while our sister airline AirAsia X focuses more on the medium to long haul flights (more than four-hour flight radius). The underlying business is to fly a person from point A to B. Operational Strategies free essay sample Unit 3 Powering Project In chapter 6 you learned about the 5 core operational strategies (preventive patrol, routine Incident response, emergency response, criminal Investigation, problem solving) and 1 ancillary operational strategy (support services) that are employed by law enforcement agencies to fight and reduce crime. This week you are required to create a Powering presentation that meets the following criteria: 1 . Summarize the five core operational strategies and the one ancillary operational strategy of law enforcement. 2.Explain how these strategies are used by law enforcement agencies to achieve their crime fighting goals. Your Powering presentation must consist of no fewer than six (6) slides (at least one slide per strategy). The title slide and references slide are not included in this total, and are also required. ***** Please use the Powering Template provided for you as a guide. ****** One reason for this assignment is to help you become familiar with the Powering program itself. If you have never used Microsoft Powering don let it worry you. We will write a custom essay sample on Operational Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Powering Resources accessible below, will ease your mind and give you a head start on this project. You will have until the end of unit 4 to complete your project. Submit your completed Powering project to the dropped by the end of unit 4 In the basket titled unit 3: Powering Project Checklist for unit 3 Assignment: Powering Presentation Not Yet I Yes I Content I I Did you identify and describe the five core operational strategies and the one ancillary operational law enforcement?

Time Value of Money and Positive Rate Essay Example

Time Value of Money and Positive Rate Paper Bal. Your grandmother invested one lump sum 17 years ago at 4. 25 percent interest. Today, she gave you the proceeds of that investment which totaled $5,539. 92. How much did your grandmother originally invest? A. B. D. E. $2,700. 00 $2,730. 30 $2,750. 00 $2,768. 40 $2,774. 90 Forty years ago, your father invested $2,500. Today that investment is worth $107,921. What is the average rate of return your father earned on his investment? 8. 50 percent 9. 33 percent 9. 50 percent 9. 87 percent 9. 99 percent An annuity stream of cash flow payments is a set of: level cash flows occurring each time period for a fixed length of time. Level cash flows occurring each time period forever. . Increasing cash flows occurring each time period for a fixed length of time. D. Increasing cash flows occurring each time period forever. E. Arbitrary cash flows occurring each time period for no more than 10 years. An annuity stream where the payments occur forever is called a(n): annuity due. Indemnity. Perpetuity. Amortized cash flow stream. Amortization table. The interest rate expressed as if it were compounded once per year is called the rate. Be. Stated interest compound interest effective annual periodic interest daily interest The interest rate charged per period multiplied by the number of periods per year is called the a. Effective annual b. Annual percentage c. Periodic interest d. Compound interest e. Daily interest b 7. You are comparing two investment options. The cost to invest in either option is the same today. Both options will provide you with 320,000 of income. We will write a custom essay sample on Time Value of Money and Positive Rate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Time Value of Money and Positive Rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Time Value of Money and Positive Rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Option A pays five annual payments starting with $8,000 the first year followed by four annual payments Of $3,000 each. Option B pays five annual payments Of $4,000 each. Which one of the following statements is correct given these two investment options? A. Both options are of equal value given that they both provide $20,000 of Income. B. Option A is the better choice of the given any positive rate of return. C. Option B has a higher present value than option A given a positive rate of return. D. Option B has a lower future value at year 5 than option A given a zero ate of return.

New Media Technologies

New Media Technologies Introduction The way consumers access information, news and communicate has been greatly changed by the emergence of web 2.0 technologies which incorporate user-generated content and streamlined web design. New media technologies have enhanced users’ active role in communication and information and changed people’s perception of the internet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Media Technologies and Its Role in the Perception of the Internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The new media involve the convergence of media and technology; it is the replacement of analogue technology with the digital one. New media encompass the internet, new video and audio recording, the mobile media and computer gaming (USAID, 2008). Primarily, the functions of the new media were only restricted to entertainment and communication sector but with the advent of new media technology there has been a widespread impact on so cial, economic and political spheres of human life (Berger, 2007). New media technology is defined as any kind of application that is used to transfer information through digital technology. It is interactive and can be transferred by placing it in a compressed data that can be accessed in several markets. The conclusion expounds on digital divide which is a common phenomenon in the digital technology age and seeks to analyze why does the difference occurs, its causes and its effects, whether long-term or short-term. Digital divide is understood as the gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic regions concerning their opportunities to access to information and communication technologies (Hassan Thomas, 2006). The thesis argument is based on this quote, â€Å"with the convergence of the telecommunication, media, and computer industries we are now entering a new phase of media development† (USAID, 2008. P.10). This thesis seeks to explain the idea that dig ital technologies have in the past and succeeding years transformed our world; it explains how new media have informationalised the society. The thesis seeks to justify the fact that the world is undergoing through a technological, cultural, political and economic phase of change that is brought about by the new media. Socioeconomic Impact within our Society A good innovation must be beneficial to the society; it should create room for the following: facilitate change, allow for adaptability, have connection to realization of personal goals, fulfilling of individual activities and careers and it should enhance lifelong learning. The new media technology has both social and economic impact on the contemporary society.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The invention of the World Wide Web (WWW) is considered the turning point of new media technology revolution. World Wide Web is used to transmit information over the computer and it has emerged as a very important tool of communication used in schools, by governments, by companies and almost in every social institution. The new media technology has revolutionized communication since people use the web to communicate, that is, the web is used to distribute information; it is also used as a basis of interaction (Bucy, 2005). New media technology is a key component of business. The web for example is used by the banking industry to serve their customers online. The virtual cash which is a creation of modern media has enhanced the promotional market and hence an actual market for trade. New media have also revolutionized education. The academic achievements of the students have improved due to the use of technology. New media has led to the death of distance. Distance has been eliminated as a factor in communication. The bonding between people working in different parts of the world has been strength ened by enhanced communication brought about by new media. Through the new media, new information and ideas travel faster to all parts of the world. People have access to knowledge and it also enables people to acquire new skills. The convergence of media into internet devices like mobile phones and computers is an indication that people are consuming information and interacting with the news, broadcasts and the entertainment media. New media have united people of all walks of life through social networking sites, wikis and blogs. These have altered the way people interact in the society. The younger generation has for example adopted different various ways of learning and sharing information. Consequently, new media have revolutionized the political sphere of the society. People can share information and ideas through the new media with anonymity. Freedom of expression has been expanded by the new media. This is whereby people have had their rights in criticizing political, educati onal and religious sectors (Berger, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Media Technologies and Its Role in the Perception of the Internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Negatively the media has led to the invasion of societal and individual privacy. Pictures and statements which are online can be copied for redistribution. This requires the consumers to take precautions when using digital technology by making their secret codes confidential. There is increase in the population of people with access to internet. This has enabled them to acquire new skills that are needed in order to participate in online based activities which are an indication of increasing social and political involvement. Consequently, the intensification of internet-oriented activism by the use of digital technology has strengthened the role of civil society hence underpinning the potentiality of new media being used as a democratic inst rument. Video games have also been used to influence the social attitudes of the people. It has been used as a popular tool by social activists to raise awareness about social issues facing the society (Larabie, 2011). Consequences of New Media on the Global Economy Location and distance is no longer considered a factor in business decisions. Various business and companies, with the advent of new media are able to organize their shifts based on specific time zones. Companies, through the internet can locate any screen-based activity in any place around the world; they may also get the best skills and productivity around the world. By utilizing the new media technology, companies can transact and perform their duties, for instance, monitoring of stock exchange rate, monitoring the security systems online and the running of call centers which is done online. Through the new media, small companies have managed to provide services and goods or to perform business operations which were t he preserve of big companies. Consequently, companies and consumers can have access to accurate information about prices in international market. This is necessary to curb inflation and to enhance competition on the international market (Bucy, 2005). New media technologies have influenced the way firms are managed and firm’s organizational strategy. This has prompted the adoption of new models. The global economy has been particularly affected by internet, intranet and video conferencing. With the advent of new media, several companies use websites to sell their products.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Importance of Understanding the Impact of New Media Technology The impacts of new media technology is relevant in the sense that it affects the economic, social, political, and cultural spheres of human life. New media technology is dynamic and people may not have all instruments of new media or they may have them but may not have the capacity to use them. Digital divide is a term used to describe the difference between people who use the new media and those who do not access the new media technologies. Understanding new media technology is necessary since there are various aspects of new media and there exists several contentious issues in the new media debate like matters of policy (Bucy, 2005). This argument is reinforced by the associational mode theory of communication. This is a situation where parties in a communication state are attached to a particular group and a specific media based on their shared beliefs (Anon., 2011). Conclusion Digital divide is a common phenomenon in the digital technology era. Digital divide can exist between individuals, countries or cities. It may depend on factors like economic class, education level and the industrial capacity in case of states. Digital divide is a reflection of existing difference between countries. The gap between accessibility and use of latest information and communication technologies is increasingly and alarmingly widening. This is due to the desire of human beings to fully satisfy their basic needs, limited or lack of computer knowledge by some people and also unavailability of funds. In five to 25 years, the narrowing of the digital divide will not have been realized fully. It is acknowledgeable that the gap keeps narrowing with increasing years; this is because the factors responsible for widening the divide are being met at a slower rate. These factors include: the continued expansion of internet access, limited income, age, geographical location and the type of the household. Various governments ’ believe that information is power and hence they are motivated to increase access to information and communication technology for their citizens. There is for governments to invest more in the new media technologies because as the wave of globalization intensifies new media technology are absolutely taking over the interaction of everyday activities. References Anon. (2011). Media theory and theorists. Web. Berger, A.A. (2007). Media and society: a critical perspective (2nd ed). New York, NY: Rowman Littlefield. Bucy, E. (2005). Living in the information age: A new media reader (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Hassan, R Thomas, J. (2006). The new media theory reader. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International. Larabie, C. (2011). Editorial: A Reflection on the role of new media: From Peer-to-Peer to Protest. The McMaster Journal of Communication, 7(1), pp. 1-10. Web. USAID. (2008). New media and international media development. Pustaka. Web.

Descartes theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Descartes theory - Essay Example The essential property of a mind is that it thinks; the essential property of body is that it is "extended." Each thought is a modification of mind; each physical object, a modification of matter. Since mind is different from body (otherwise, they would not be two distinct substances), its essential characteristics must be different from those of body. This means that minds cannot take up space or be extended. If they were, they would be forms of body. Body, in contrast to mind, is that which is extended. Every form in which a material object can exist can be defined or described in forms of its extensional features-size, shape, position, movement. 2. Explain how Descartes' method of doubt was supposed to insure certain knowledge. What is the special role of innate ideas in Descartes' theory of knowledge Which ideas did Descartes considered to be innate How are innate ideas different from other types of ideas Descartes' method of doubt says that he wishes to examine those things which he thinks to be true and set aside all those beliefs of which there might be some doubt.

Critique art piece in an analytical and historical context Essay

Critique art piece in an analytical and historical context - Essay Example This master piece has a unique history as it was a wedding gift from Raphael to his close friend Lorenzo Nasi whose house was completely ruined by an earthquake and this master piece was broken into seventeen pieces. It was refurbished in 2008 by Patrizia Riitano, however, the visibility of the damage is still be seen. The title of the Art selected for the study is â€Å"Madonna of the Goldfinch†. This beautiful picture was painted by one of the great painters and architect, Raffaello Sanzio. This great picture was made by â€Å"Oil on Wood† during 1505-1506. It has a dimension of 107  cm Ãâ€"  77  cm (42  in Ãâ€"  30  in). The selected art was made on â€Å"Florentine Art† which was extremely unique at that time in Europe. This master piece is present in the Galleria Degli Uffizi, Florence. This great painter was born on 6th April 1483 in Urbino Italy. He lost both of his parents at the age of four. It was painted by him at the age of 23.Majority of his work was primarily done in Vatican. If analyzed closely, Rafaello’s work consisted of three different phases i.e. this work in early phase was under the influence of his teacher, the second phase reflects his city work for four years and the final was the par excellence period where he produced his classy work. His work boomed especially when he approached â€Å"The Florentine Art Circles† (Bossy et al., 2001). Raffaello Sanzsio was famous for his elegance and beauty that is why well respected and loved widely from pope to women. The death took him at very early age of thirty seven however his artist work remained alive and divine for the generations to come. The master piece with the natural eye is a treat to watch. It is even more pleasure to see if someone read the history about the painted pitcher; from the eye to describe the picture depicts the personnel namely Mary, Christ, and John Baptist which is a beautiful miniature

Markets and customers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Markets and customers - Essay Example mportance of the four P’s, followed by the definition and relevance of marketing mix and then finally go on to understanding (with the help of examples) how the 4 Ps are interdependent on each other and a change in one directly impacts the success of the rest. ‘People think that a product is a tangible offering, but a product can be more than that. A product can be anything that can be offered to a market to satisfy a want or need. Products that are marketed include physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations, information and ideas.’ (Kotler et al, 2007: 316). Services also form an important part of products. ‘It is wrong to imply that services are just like products â€Å"except† for intangibility.’ (Shostack, 1977: 73). With the changing trends all across the globe, services have become a very important section which contributes towards a country’s GDP. How much services sector has grown can be seen from the fact that this sector contributes more than 75% in the GDPs of countries like The United States and The United Kingdom. Price is the monetary equivalent that we pay in return for services and products which we consume. According to me, price plays the most important role out of the four P’s of study. ‘Some examples of pricing decisions to be made include: pricing strategy, suggested retail price, etc.’ (The Marketing Mix (The 4 P’s of Marketing) NetMBA, 2007) Place talks about the location from where we want to sell the products and services. It refers to the distribution channel involved in the supply chain. This gives us the information about how many channels a product passes through before it finally reaches the customer. ‘Some examples of place decisions to be made include: distribution channel, market coverage, etc.’ (The Marketing Mix (The 4 P’s of Marketing) NetMBA, 2007) Promotion includes the activities undertaken by the seller to make the customer aware of the products and

Communication Strategies Used By Vietnamese Students Cultural Studies Essay

Communication Strategies Used By Vietnamese Students Cultural Studies Essay In Vietnam, English is now the most popular foreign language and anyone who would like to integrate themslves into the global society and access the worlds knowlege to be sucessful in life is aware that English competence is one the most important characteristics they need to have. English is seen every where in education, business, entertainment and cultural exchanges. Therefore, English is becoming the main communication language in the country. In light of sociolinguistics development, linguistic researchers have been paying more and more attention to the importance of communication in its social context. The social factors in communication competence have been recognized and studied. These have impacted strongly on teaching and learning the language. English learning is changing basically and positively. Learners of English do not learn English for the sake of learning itself by treating grammatical knowledge primarily and separately but in the belief that it is more important to communicate effectively in the language by sending and receiving messages, creating meaning and negotiating meaning. These lead to the tendency toward which communication competence has recently been enjoying learners great popularity. However, the effectiveness of communication in the target language is still both learners and teachers deepest concern since learners who have already spent significant periods of time on learning the language to co mmunicate as the main goal of their learning but then most of them encounter too many difficulties in communicating in the language. The learning context In Petrovietnam Manpower Training College, where I am working as a teacher of English, students, the subjects of the research, are engineers and graduates who are recruited to work in Petrovietnams projects and plants taking a special training course. They have graduated university with nearly equivalent English language education but have different English proficiency and like almost Vietnamese students, they have been trying to learn English in purpose of communication but find difficult to communicate in the language. At the college, English is taught as one of the main subjects to equip the students with the language that they would need to perform their job. English speaking is attached special importance to and students are expected to be good at communication in all circumstances after finishing the course. To serve these purposes, communicative language teaching Approach (CLT) is applied in teaching these students so that they can particularly improve their communicative skil ls. The rationales and purpose of the research. Communication is interactive. So in pre-intermediate speaking class, students are usually given topics to discuss in groups with the assistant of their teacher before presenting their ideas to the class. These activities aim to get students involved in interpersonal communication or interaction to compensate their lack of practice in the EFL environment. These tasks require the students big effort in trying to understand the others and getting themselves understood using any means at their learning stage. According to my observation, in most situations, students at this level of English proficiency appear to struggle with expressing their thoughts because of their deficiency in linguistic proficiency, general knowledge of the given topics or confidence in using the language. Some of them exert themselves to the utmost to reach their communicative goals by unconsciously or consciously using different strategies to solve their particular communication problems and relatively confident in completing the given task meanwhile the others just keep silent because they do not know what to do to deal with the problems they have during the conversation and they fail to keep most of the conversations going on as they want to. So the purpose of this study is to identify the common communication strategies used by the students to enhance efficiency of communication when they deal with the task of group discussion and the communication strategy use of students of different English proficiency. The research questions. The study is conducted to find out the answers to the following questions: What types of communication strategies are used by Vietnamese students in English speaking class to compensate for their breakdowns in communication and to enhance communicative effectiveness in small group discussion? Do students of different English proficiency employ communication strategies differently? Definitions of key terms. The term communication strategies is simply understand as methods or techniques that language users use to help themselves overcome problems occuring during communication to achieve communicative competence LITERATURE REVIEW Communicative competence The main goal of any language learners is to achieve communicative competence to get the best communication proficiency. According to Canale and Swain (1980), to attain communicative competence, learners need to gain the following perfect knowledge: Grammatical competence which is related to the language knowledge (words and grammar rules) itself. Sociolinguistic competence which is concerned to the ability to use and to interpret the utterances appropriately in different sociolinguistic communication situations. Discourse competence is the ability to combine grammatical forms and meanings to achieve a unified spoken or written text Strategic competence is the ability of using verbal and non-verbal communication strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to limiting conditions in actual communication or to insufficient competence in one or more of the other areas of communicative competence and to enhance the effectiveness of communication Among the four components that make up communicative competence, strategic competence is likely relating to EFL learners most because of the problems they commonly run into in communication and the communication strategies they usually employ to solve the problems. These strategies are considered extremely important in negotiating meaning where either linguistic structures or sociolinguistic rules are not shared between a second language learner and a speaker of the target language (OMalley Chamot, 1990, p.43). Canale Swain (1980) once confirm that good strategic competence can help leanres with limiting L2 skills evade communication breakdowns. Communication strategies Many researchers have conducted research or studies on communication strategies so far. Consequently, each of them in their own view states different definitions and classifications of communication strategies. Definitions of communication strategies What happens if interlocutors do not understand each other because of their limited language resources? Can they keep their conversation going on when they can not make themselves understood? Cohen (1990, p.56) believes that a major trait of successful speakers is that they use strategies to keep the conversation going on. They use communication strategies. Tarone (1980, p. 419) describes communication strategy as a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on meaning in situations where requisite meaning structures are not shared. Communication strategies, to Tarones interactional view, are socially-motivated strategies which are used by more than one interlocutors to solve the problems of mutual lack of understanding by negotiating meanings. A communication strategy is simply defined by Corder (1977 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) as a systematic technique employed by a speaker to express his meaning when faced with some difficulty. According to Faerch and Kasper (1983 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) communication strategies are potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal. More relating to forms of discourse, communication strategies in this definition are psychologically-motivated strategies which are related to mental plans of each interlocutor implemented in response to the problems of expression. Different authors define communication strategies differently. However , most of the definitions show the purpose of communication strategies which is to deal with the problems that the language users face up to when communicating by employing appropriate techniques. Classifications of Communication strategies. In the research on communication strategies, Dornyei, Faerch and Kasper and Tarone introduced their own classifications of communication strategies and their classifications. Dornyei (1995 as cited in Brown, 2000) shows two branches of strategies: negative and positive. Avoidence strategies (negative): topic avoidance and message abandonment Compensatory strategies (positive): circumlocution, approximation,use of all purpose words, word coinage, prefabricated patterns, non-linguistic signal, literal translation, foreignizing, code switch, appeal for help, stalling or time-gaining strategies. Faerch and Kasper (1983) classify communication strategies in to two main categories with their subcategories: Avoidance behavior reduction strategies: Formal reduction: phonological, morphological  , syntactic and lexical. Function reduction: reduction of speech art modality, reduction of propositional context Achievement behavior compensatory strategies. Code switching Interlingual transfer: generalization, paraphrasing, word coinage, restructuring. Cooperative strategies Non-linguistic strategies However, Tarones typology of conscious communication strategies (1977 as cited in Bialystok, 1990) seems to be simpler. Tarone classifies communication strategies into the following categories: Avoidance: topic avoidance and message abandonment Paraphrase: approximation, word coinage, circumlocution. Conscious transfer: literal translation, language switch Appeal for assistance Mime: Prior research found that all language users used communication strategies consciously or unconsciously. Bialystok observes that communication strategies should be classified according to different cognitive processes and should be seen as a process of language use. I agrees with her at this point because of the fact that as language users, we all know that communication breakdowns may occur with anyone at any time during a conversation and when these problems happen, we all try some ways to get out of the trouble by using some techniques called communication strategies. Besides, Bialystok insists that communicative strategies are used by language user in both L1 and L2, in this view, communicative strategies only reflect the way in which the language processing system extends and adapts to the demands of communication (Lee, 2004). In fact, the communication strategy use occurs during communicating consciously or unconsciously. However, learning and using a language are activities related to cognitive processes so when language learners use the language and the breakdowns come, they are aware of what situation they are in and consciously think of an escape by employing different negative or positive strategies solve the problems like avoiding talking about the topic or concept that they do not know much, leaving the utterance unfinished, using many words to describe , creating new word or switch to their mother tongue when they cannot find the right words to use and et ceteras. So, what exactly do learners do in each communication strategy? In this paper, I would like to focus on the simpler classification, Tarones typology of conscious communication strategies but in comparison with the other two of Dornyei and Faerch and Kasper . Avoidance strategies Both Dornyei and Tarone define avoidance strategies in the same way by mainly referring to two substrategies: Message abandonment strategy which is used by learners when they encounters language difficulties. To deal with these unpleasant situations, learners tend to leave their utterance unfinished. Topic avoidance is another strategy learners use when they lack of or forget necessary linguistic knowledge to express their thoughts on the topic. Their language difficulties may related to vocabulary or grammar rules that they do not know or remember. To overcome them, learners keep way from talking about the topic. In my experience of teaching, students of very low proficiency usually use these strategies because of their serious deficiency for the target language instead of using the strategies called compensatory strategies in Dornyeis or Faerch and Kaspers classifications or paraphrase and conscious transfer strategies as Tarone mentions in her typology of conscious communication strategies. Paraphrase Including circumlocution, word coinage and approximation which Faerch and Kasper suggest can promote learning as well Circumlocution strategy Bialystok argues that circumlocution strategy in fact is paraphrasing strategy. In terms of linguistic, the conception of the two strategies are very similar. Both strategies help learners make good use of simpler language or structures they have at their learning stage to convey their thoughts that need more complicated vocabulary and grammar rules to express. Dornyei states that circumlocution is the strategy used by learners when they want to describe something that cannot find the exact word or phrase to use by paraphrasing it. Doing so, they use more words to describe a word in the hope that the listeners can get what they mean by themselves. Approximation strategy Dornyei and Taroneideas meet each other when they name the strategy approximation which Tiono and Sylvia (2004) found to be used the most by students with low communication apprehension and high proficiency in speaking class in Petra Christian University in Surabaya, Indonesia to compensate their failure in retrieving the lexical items they have learned or their deficiency in vocabulary when they are asked to retell a pictorial stories. In the strategy, learners appear to be confident and willing to make mistakes by using an alternative or similar lexical term which they know that is not correct to illustrate the meaning of another word or phrase they aim to refer to. By doing this learners try to make themselves understood by using their limiting vocabulary. Word coinage is another compensatory strategy that learners use when they lack of vocabulary. In this strategy they make up a target language word which is based on the morphological rules that they know well. For example: they know well that worker is a person who works so they create cooker (a person who cooks) from the verb cook. Conscious transfer strategies Literal translation strategy is usually used when the language users share their first language or background. Learners translate a word or an idiom or even a structure from their first language into that of the target language. In my learning context, learners use literal translation mostly when they have difficulties with finding correct collocations for a word. In this case they tend to translate word for word from another language. For example: deep coffee ( which is not stated in dictionary) for strong coffee. However, relating to translating a structure from learners first language, Faerch and Kasper name the strategy Restructuring in which learners reformulate the syntax of their utterance. Language switch strategy or code switch or code switching by Dornyei or Faerch and Kasper In this strategy, learners use lexical terms or sentences from their first language when they cannot find the appropriate ones in the target language to express their thoughts (They insert some words or phrases from their first language). The strategy is also often employed by first language or background shared learners. This strategies may be expected to use the most by the subjects of this study for all of them are Vietnamese and in reality, it is also easy to see this in any of the English class in Vietnam. Appeal for assistance Explicit request is the strategy where learners ask for help from the other people like more advanced learners or teacher by saying How do you sayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.? or What is this calledà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.?. Referring to dictionary strategy is made use by learners when they need the correct words or structures Mine or Non-verbal communicative strategy also what Dornyei calls non-linguistic signal or Non-linguistic strategy by Faerch and Kasper. In this strategy, learners use non-verbal language like gestures, facial expression or even imitating sounds to express meanings. Mine and message abandonment seem to be coi in Faerch and Kasper in terms of learning. They think that these two strategies cannot help learners with their learning. But as a teacher I share Tarones opinion that in some extent, by using these two strategies, the speaker can get help from the listener to find the appropriate or correct word or structure to express what he or she wants to say. In both teaching and learning context, mine and message abandonment can be positive signals from the learners to interact with their teacher so that they can be taught event while communicating. The review of related studies Many studies and research have been done so far on communication strategies and their findings showed that almost every strategy were used by learners. However what strategies employed were contingent a lot on the task given because different problems would arise depending on different types of task, one -way task or two- way one (Mei Nathalang, 2010). So that the task requires learners different effort and strategies to solve the problems. It is easy to understand this because less interactive activities exist in one -way task like story telling while two- way task like role playing or discussing includes mostly interaction. To deal with one-way task, learners tend to use paraphrase, restructuring and message abandonment since these strategies helps them to make clear the meanings as they try to ensure the listeners comprehension. Whereas to deal with interactive task like doing role play or discussing, learners need to make special effort to negotiate to get communication goals so they cannot simply employ avoidance strategies if they still want their conversation to continue and reach a mutual agreement on what they exactly mean. This agrees with the finding of Dobao Martinezs study of Negotiating Meaning in Interaction between English and Spanish Speakers via Communicative Strategies. The finding revealed that in interaction, when linguistic problems arose, intermediate or advanced EFL learners and their interlocut ors (who were English native speakers or other EFL learners of their level) worked together to find solution by coordinating their use of CS, negotiating meanings to reach a mutual agreement on the learners originally intended meaning. Prior research also showed that the numbers of strategies used by learners were not influenced by their target language proficiency (Ting Phan, 2008). However, concerning to only the numbers of strategies used by learners is not enough in terms of language teaching and learning. Fortunately, the result found in Kwoks study of communication strategies used by Hong kong students in small group discussion (1987) revealed that students were able to make good use of different communication strategies in discussion to make their communication more effective. Moreover, the result also showed that the more the students mastered the communication strategies, the much better they could do in small group discussion. Althought Bialystok believes that we should teach learners language rather than strategy but as a teacher I do argue in favour of implication about teaching strategies to learners from studies of Manchà ³n (1999) and Faucette (2001). In my learning context, the class with both high and low proficiency learners is common. So it is not difficult to recognize types of strategies that different learners use when the language problems arise and the effectiveness of strategy use that the learners achieve in communication thought what is seen in the learning context can be subjectively observed and assessed. So, the study is hopefully an opportunity to confirm the phenomenon through its findings. SHORT CONCLUSION The fact is that learners can frequently run into communication difficulties because of varied reasons related to language problems and all of them find some ways to escape from the trouble they got in. Those ways are called communication strategies. Looking back at the studies and research that have been done on communication strategies so far, some significant pedagogic implication have been recognized. That is communication strategy use can promote learners communicative competence or the confirmation that employing appropriate strategies can enhance communication effectiveness and communication strategy use is teachable. So, what types of communication strategies that can help learners increase communication efficacy should be considered mainly in this paper in the hope that more useful pedagogic implication closely involved English teaching will be found as reference for language teachers to deal better with their job as well as to help their students improve their learning.

American Indians Essay -- essays research papers

“’Indians’: Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History';, an essay written by Jane Tompkins, a professor of English at Duke University, outlines Tompkins dissatisfaction on how American Indians are portrayed throughout history. As children, we are taught that in “1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue';, and that Peter Minuet bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians for only twenty-four dollars worth of trinkets. In high school, we were taught that in World War II, the Germans were all heartless savages, and that the best course of action to end the war was to use the atomic bomb on Japan. It is seen that “the victor writes the history books.'; In other words, the dominant cultures and societies that conquer and overshadow lesser societies have the privilege of writing history. For example, if Germany won World War II, would the history books have mentioned the holocaust of the Jews? The problem with history is that history is defined in terms of the author’s point of view. There is no scientific process by which history is written; therefore we must discern what is the real truth versus someone’s biases and point of view. “The problem is that if all accounts of events are determined through and through by the observer’s frame of reference, then one will never know, in any given case, what really happened,'; (Tompkins, 410).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tompkins researched s...

Inventory Systems Summary Essay

Abstract To be successful in today’s business environment, an organization must be able to perform certain fundamentals accurately and efficiently. One of these elements is having an effective and efficient Inventory System Management (ISM). ISM enables one to have the knowledge of where his or her inventory is at every step of the way. This allows one to better interact with consumer and make sales. Choosing the right ISM can lead and pave the ground work for future business success and profitability. Inventory System Summary The purpose of this group assignment is to collaborate as a team to compare different inventory systems and describe the advantage and disadvantages of each system in comparison to the others. Management of inventory is important to any business that wants to succeed. Companies purchase inventory systems to help manage the inventory of an organization. Team A reviewed the following companies and their inventory management programs: Best Buy, , and . This Inventory System Summary includes a description of the chosen companies and their inventory systems, and a comparison describing the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Best Buy Best Buy is the largest consumer electronics store in the world. Each year it increases its presence in the market share and distances itself from  others in the industry. Best Buy is headquartered in the Twin cities area of Minnesota, where it handles all main business functions and the leadership that manages its 180,000 employees and 4,000 stores across the globe (Best Buy, 2010). During the previous fiscal year, Best Buy accumulated nearly 50 billion in revenues and 2.2 billion in operating revenue. They also reported that they possess 18.3 billion in total assets and 6.3 billion in total equity. Best Buy has a large array of merchandise including: consumer and commercial furniture, small and major appliances, and a wide assortment of consumer electronics. They also offer an increasingly large list of services. These services include Geek Squad computer services, Best Buy for Business commercial services, and many other services designed specifically for the end user. They operate stores in many countries across the world; however they also operate their company online. From their website, Bestbuy.com, many of their products and services can be ordered and set up for delivery. The different types of products and services Best Buy offers in addition to the different options available to purchase and receive their merchandise makes Best Buy a very difficult company to maintain. They are successful because of the time and money put into their inventory systems. To maintain continuity across the board for all of their partner companies and different store brands they operate , Best Buy uses a similar inventory management system that allows them to track inventory, along with a transaction management system that directly adjusts and updates the world wide inventory both in warehouses and within each store. Most products that Best Buy sales are shipped directly from the manufacturer to the many warehouses and distribution centers across the US and the world where the stores and online sales can pull and ship directly from. One change that Best Buy has gone through the past five years is a switch to a partially vendor based management system. With this new system, Best Buy will limit the vendors and distributers that they purchase from, and will relinquish some of their inventory control over to them. The innovation created by this new system allows vendors to monitor inventory levels and to  ship and replenish product as levels get low. Some of the advantages of this system are: the advantage of directly supplying to the customer from vendor, which cuts the delivery time shorter, availability of the product, ability to offer products at a lower price compared to Best Buy’s competitors, and the flexibility to further develop other areas of their business. Some of the disadvantages are: limiting the vendors may limit the variety of products, relinquishing inventory control over to vendors and distributors may negatively impact their customer satisfaction, and the customers may decide to deal with supplier directly which could put Best Buy at risk of loosing their business. Inventory levels over the past 4 years have remained on an increasingly consistent track as their revenue has risen. According to Best Buy (2010), this rise in revenue and assets is partly due to the fact that they enter new markets and open new stores across the world. The latest opportunities that they have come across include new stores in Europe and other areas overseas. This is new territory for Best Buy but has been a successful venture based on their flexibility with their inventory systems that they have in place. The following table presents the last five year financial highlights according to the Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of Annual Report on Form 10-K. (Investor Relations, 2010) Dell Dell is clearly a giant leader in the information technology world. Dell is an American company with headquarters in Round Rock, Texas. The company develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. The company got its birth in 1984, founded by Michael Dell. Dell has become one of the most admired companies in the electronic industry. According to Fortune Magazine, Dell is listed as the 38th largest company in the United States. Based on total revenue, Dell is the 5th largest company in Texas and the 2nd largest non-oil company in Texas (Wikipedia, 2010). So, how does Dell do it? Managing its inventory base is an indication. From its early beginnings, Dell set the bar. Dell uses the just in time (JIT) approach in the manufacturing facilities. By using this technique, Dell can minimize its inventory cost. In an industry that rapidly changes, maintaining low inventory levels is one key factor to survival. According to Wall Street Journal’s MarketWatch (2010), the following table provides a  snapshot portion of the financials recorded for Dell from its balance sheet. Annual Financials for Dell, Inc. According to Wikipedia (2010), just-in-time (JIT) is an inventory strategy that is designed aide in improving a business’s return on investment by reducing in-process inventory and any carrying costs associated. JIT production method is also known as the Toyota Production System. JIT works with of use of signals at different points in the manufacturing process. The signals indicate the presence or absence of a part or the need to make another part. If JIT processes are implemented correctly, it can improve an organizations return on investment, quality,  and efficiency. It is quite simple; the philosophy behind JIT is inventory is waste and Dell has tried to capture that philosophy. Wal-Mart The world’s largest and most profitable retailer, Wal-Mart continues to expand its reach in the US and worldwide. To do this, Wal-Mart has to track what is selling, what isn’t, and what products its over 3,740 stores nationwide need – whether it be their discount stores, supercenters, or neighborhood markets. The below excerpt from the 2010 annual report (2010 annual report-walmartstores.com, 2010) shows the level of inventories that Wal-Mart has maintained for the last four years: (Amounts in millions except per share and unit count data) With an average of $34m in inventory, being valued under the LIFO – last in first out- method – keeping track of it is of major importance to the retail giant. To keep track of its inventory, â€Å"Wal-mart and Sam’s Club use electronic product code (EPC) labels to make sure the products you want are available when you need them† (walmartstores.com, 2010). What is an EPC? The EPC is a lot like a bar code that most stores use. Wal-Mart uses the EPC because the information that can be tracked about the product being purchased includes: what the product are, who are the manufacturers, and other specifics like color, size, style, and more. The information provided by the EPC allows Wal-Mart to better manage the inventory on hand, making sure the store provides its customers with what they want, when they want it. How does EPC work? EPC labels consist of a unique number that can be tied back to a specific piece of merchandise. Using special readers, and through the magic of RFID’s, the EPC doesn’t have to be scanned directly for them to be read by the computers. This means that Wal-Mart â€Å"can count thousands of items in seconds and know which products are out of  stock† (walmartstores.com, 2010). The products that Wal-Mart is tracking with the EPC are easy to find. They are identified by an EPC symbol. What does EPC mean to consumers? The ability to track finite inventory information is important as it ensures that the retail giant can keep products in stock that consumers want. Amazingly, with all the information that the EPC tracks, there is no invasion of privacy to the consumer. The EPC does not collect personal information when purchased. Labels are not tracked once the actual merchandise is bought and leaves the store. Comparison The different inventory systems used by each organization share a common goal. The system tracks the inventory for each company allowing them to hopefully save money by knowing where items are and what needs to be purchased. Each organization emphasizes inventory control and recognizes the effects of inventory management on their overall profitability. To this end, many of the companies use a variation of bar coding or Radio-frequency identification (RFID) to track inventory. Each organization also ties inventory management to an awareness of demand; this allows the organization to quickly react to changing market conditions. Conclusion Because inventory is possibly the largest current asset listed on a organizations financial statement, correct inventory management is at the heart of a business’s success or failure. References 2010 Annual Report – Walmartstores.com (2010). Retrieved on January 10, 2011 from http://cdn.walmartstores.com/sites/AnnualReport/2010/PDF/WMT_2010AR_FINAL.pdf Best Buy (2010). Company Reference – Best Buy. Retrieved January 11, 2011 from http://www.answers.com/topic/best-buy-co-inc Dell. (2010). Wall Street Journal: MarketWatch. Retrieved January 12, 2011, from http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/Stock/DELL/financials/balance-sheet Hoyt, W. (2002). The basics of inventory tracking. Retrieved on January 10, 2011 from http://www.essortment.com/career/smallbusinesst_tuag.htm

buy custom Good Programming essay

buy custom Good Programming essay The development of systems and programs in the modern world has a significant impact in the lives of people. These impacts can both be intended and unintended and, some can be harmful while others useful. The invention and implementation of systems changes the lives of people by interfering with their realities and expectations. As system developers develop new systems every day, the question is whether they should be held responsible for the consequence of their inventions or not. With the rights and freedom attached to every person in the world toady, it would be easy to leave the developers with no blame as people are free to us the inventions or not use. In this discussion, we look at various technological inventions and their ethical implication. We then analyze whether the designers need to worry about these implications. The systems and programs being developed every day also have some detrimental effects that are normally small but accumulate over time. These effects could have extremely harmful effects in the long run, for instance, each automobile releases a very small amount of pollution, almost negligible. However, when it is combined for thousands of automobiles in use today and over time, global warming cannot be controlled. Good program depends on the designs and having a sense of ethical issues. Technological inventions have helped individuals and companies amplify their ability, strength, strategic advantage over other human beings. Strategic advantage has been gained by companies who have embraced technological inventions and have thus expanded rapidly. This has led to expansion and growth of such companies over those that still hold on the traditional means of productions. Technological inventions have also earned many individuals considerable influence in the world, for instance, Bill Ga tes has gained so much influence in the world even outside the computer industries. Buy custom Good Programming essay

Interview Project Proposal Essay Example

Interview Project Proposal Essay Example Interview Project Proposal Essay Interview Project Proposal Essay Class: CJ100: Eight Skills of the Effective CJ Student Unit: 4 Souces:http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Security_guard Souces: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Police_officer | Interview Project Proposal| | Police officer| Interview Project Proposal Police officer 1 Name: Vince Ventrone Job: police officer at the Jacksonville sheriff office (for 20years) 2 Name: Steven Mungan Job: swc officer (also a police officer) The reason I choose these people is it has the only people that come close to what I going to do. It was the only people I could find. I called the police stations and no one would call me back. Everyone I talk to said there not allowed to talking about their jobs because they were scared to lose jobs. Due to all the budgets cuts. In Jacksonville Florida they are laying off like crazy. There are no jobs. I had a really hard time finding anyone. Lucky we have a security guard that works in are commit. The second one is him he was really nice and he is going to let me interview him. The first choice is someone my grandpa knows and he is a police officer. I will not be allowed to ask anything about the job layoffs or budgets cuts. But I can ask him about his personal relation to his job. security guard: is a person who is paid to protect property, assets, or people. Security guards are usually privately and formally employed personnel. Often, security officers are uniformed and act to protect property by maintaining a high visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions, observing (either directly, through patrols, or by watching alarm systems or video cameras) for signs of crime, fire or disorder; then taking action and reporting any incidents to their client and emergency services as appropriate. Police officer: Responsibilities of a police officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of persons and property, and the investigation of crimes. Officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, and in many contexts restrictions are placed on what the uniformed officer wears. In some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Questions I am going to ask. 1What were the Reasons for Choosing the Career? 2How many years have you been in the criminal justice field? 3What kind of Education and Training have you had? If any what Licensing and Certification do you have? 4What do you think is the best way to handling crime in our area? 5Have you ever been in a very life threading situation? Explain. 6what is the worst thing you have ever been through as an officer? 7Any memorable experiences you have had as a police officer? 8 Do they plan on being a Police officer the rest of your life? 9 What do you think of the stereotypes in regards to Police officers? 10 In your eyes what is wrong with the criminal justice system today? 11 how do you think we could fix it? 12 What would you have done if you hadnt of became a police officer? 13 What is a typical day like a police officer? 4 do your line of work cause tension in your home life? If so Explain 15 What do you like most and least about your job? 16 How often, if at all, are you required to attend training session? 17 How dangerous is your work? 18 What is the most recent skill you have learned that related to your job? 19 What are top 3 skills for Police officer? 20 Tell me about your last position and what you did? 21 what would you tell your kids if they want to be a police officer like you what would you tell them? Wh y? 2 Where would you like to be in 3 years? 5 years? 23 How to does your position task/function? 24 what motivated you to do your best as a police officer? 25 what is your greatest weakness? 26 do you consider yourself successful? Why? 27 if you had enough money to retire right now would you? Why? 28 what is more important to you money or helping people? Why? 29 have you learned from mistakes on the job? Details 30 do you prefer to work independently or on a team? Why? 31 how would you describe your work style?

Influences of Online Book Preview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Influences of Online Book Preview - Essay Example Considering such situations the publishing house has been suggested to start on a new venture of online publications of their books and sell their books via the popular retailers over the web space. The publishing house can also make some portion of their books available over the Internet which may act as an effective promotional campaign for their books. However they needs to be careful with such measures as often service providers can publish books online without their permission and also can make the books available for free download. Case of Google book copyright infringement has been referred to bring out a practical example of such copyright violations. The publishing house needs to be careful in implementing such measures as any negligence can further hamper their cause. Technology has improved rapidly in the past decade. It has made its prominence in almost all the sectors. Business houses all over the world have implemented the e-business to gain maximum profitability for th eir business. Digitalization of market has made it possible for the availability of almost everything over the internet. The number of technology savvy people has increased considerably all over the globe and people prefer to take the online help to meet their purpose. In such an era, digitalization of books has covered a large part of the e-market and is providing considerable amount of threat for the conventional publisher who does not have a considerable presence over the web. Furthermore the presence of the online book preview is hampering the business of the publishers to a large extent. Popularity of Online book preview Online book preview is available in many internet sites where the users can view the book in an electronic form. The electronic books are published over the internet which facilitates the users to have a glance of the whole book or a part of the book. The e-books are readable on computers or in the latest electronic devices. The existence of e-book can be possi ble without any printed equivalence. The earlier version of the eBooks was available for specific purposes and in specialized areas and had limited number of viewers. Those form of ebooks or the online book preview options did not pose any considerable harm to the interest of the major publication houses and it was quite beneficial for the readers as well. However post 1990, internet broadened the option of the availability of the eBooks occurred in large scale. In the present market the online preview of books is available in many desired technological formats which have created more interest among the readers. Another feature of the online book preview really benefits the interest of the users which includes the free viewing. The users over the internet can virtually have a preview of their desired books for almost free, which further enhances their cause of the growing popularity of the medium. Other than the option of free viewing some internet sites also provides the option for the free download which comes as a gift for the millions of book readers. Nowadays users of internet can gain access to almost any books of their preferred subjects and choice and read them online. The online book preview provides facility also offers opportunity for the writers who cannot publish their books because of the denial from the publishers. They can make their books available to the readers through the online mode.  

Unintended Consequences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unintended Consequences - Essay Example Although some countries like Cuba and China maintained it. The aim of the country was not to create enemies and stir conflicts such as the Korean and the Vietnam Wars but, such were the unintended consequences. One notable blemish that the US sustained was the infamous massacre in Mr. Lai. In this incidence, platoons marched into the village and killed every person in the village including mothers, children, and infants. Since such occurrence was not something to be proud of, the country imprisoned the man who commanded the execution of the locals in the village. President Richard Nixon, sometime later, ordered that he be transferred to a better and comfortable apartment under house arrest. Ultimately, his sentence was reduced, and he served three years only. The deaths of such huge numbers of innocent people forced America, however powerful it was in the Vietnam War, to retaliate. The idea of subduing more nations through â€Å"foreign aid† and military is still witnessed today, something that is currently referred to as â€Å"Neocolonialism†. The rivalry between the capitalist US and the communist China is still witnessed

Current legislation, standards and guidance require microbial Essay

Current legislation, standards and guidance require microbial monitoring of utilities (eg steam and water), facilities (eg the c - Essay Example The design of the sterile services department facility must be perfect in every detail to prevent microbial contamination of the area and the products. The entryway must be set up as to prevent unauthorised persons from gaining access and to stop workers from entering while wearing improper or insufficient protective clothing, since this traffic would bring outside contaminants into the sterile area. There must be space to separate sterilized equipment from contaminated equipment, so that no microbial cross-contamination occurs. Washrooms and changing rooms must be available to the staff and set up so that workers' outside clothing never comes into contact with their sterile gear (Sterile Services 2004). Due to the strenuous nature of these and dozens of other requirements, many hospitals and medical offices now choose to obtain their sterile equipment through a commercial retailer rather than have their own sterile services department on-site (Lawrence & May 2003). ... vel of particulate matter in the air is used to calculate the possible amount of microbial life present in the clean room facility, as well as dust and other contaminants such as ski and hair. (Rousseau 2004). It is monitored by a discrete-particle counter, which can detect particle diameters anywhere between 0,1 and 5 ?m to aid in determining the ISO clean room class of the facility (Schicht 2003). A sterile services department is required to contain the necessary equipment to disinfect medical products in an approved manner, following a validated sterilization process; the preferred method is steam sterilization (Russel, Hugo, & Ayliffe 1999). Steam sterilization is used because it is non-toxic and provides the most effective method for destroying many types of microbial life. Unfortunately, many contemporary surgical tools and medical devices are made of plastic, and would not survive a steam sterilization cycle. These items are decontaminated with a low-temperature method, such a s acid immersion (HIPAC 2008). Because many medical devices are considered critical risk, designed to come in contact with a patient sub-dermally, it is vitally important for a sterile services department to keep their sterilization equipment in perfect working order. The sterilizer itself must be tested daily to ensure it functions properly and completes an entire sterilization cycle, weekly for safety and function, and annually by a testing technician to check the steriliser against manufacturer specifications (Lawrence & May 2003). These tests help the sterile services department ensure that their sterilizer is actually removing the microbial load. Since the margin for error with sterilization is so narrow, a sterile services department must also ensure all incoming utilities, especially

How Cooking Free

How Cooking Frees Men Article Essay This article explains how the discovery in cooking foods has dramatically changed the way we live, and the amount of time freed up by spending less time chewing. Raw food takes much longer to eat than soft cooked foods. The discovery of cooking changed our social division of labor between men and women. The Hadza tribes are foragers; hunters and gathers, and now that cooking food is possible, the men hunt for meat, while the women forage the land for anything edible. When the men come back to the village, the women hope they have meat or honey to provide, but if they come empty handed, the women have the food they have gathered already prepared for the hungry men. The men and women share their food with one another, their children, and extended family. Even though my family and I are not foragers, this sounds very similar to the same way I was brought up. My father would make the money that paid for the food, while my mother would stay home to raise us children and cook. She always had dinner ready for my father whether he was coming home from work or home after looking for a job. Either way, we always had food on our table. There were even summers that we had to pick fruit with my mother on farmers land so we can have canned fruit stock our pantry. We would forage in the fall walnuts that have fallen off a walnut tree on the side of some road, so she can make banana nut bread. As a child I was put to work on several occasions to help my mother, and that was not the same way my brothers were raised, they would be allowed to go hunting or fishing with my father. Even though my family and I are not foragers we have a lot of similarities with the Hadza tribe and how they divide their labor based upon gender and age. Foragers follow the method of hunter and gatherer, to collect their food. They form small communities of mainly family; immediate and extended family. The men hunt for food while the women and children forage for edible plants. The tribes join occasionally to celebrate things; and they share their food. The Hadza believed if a single man provided the meat for the day, he would divide the food with his family first, and then divide it amongst the rest of the tribesmen. Foraging may have been the way to gather food in the beginning of man (several small tribes still live as foragers, like the Hadza tribe). Today, America and many other countries use intensive agriculture; we use machinery to irrigate and fertilize to increase our surplus. This is necessary because of our population; we are not only a few like the foragers. We are primarily controlled through a government, as apposed to moving about with a village. My first impression of this article was not too great; I felt the writer discussed the difference of chew time within too much detail. I understand the concept of â€Å"less time chewing = more time†. What I found most interesting, and gained insight from, was the knowledge that cooking food to make it soft, freed up the time of man. Without that simple action of cooking our food, man would be very different today. Not just time wise, but that was the start of division of labor within a family. This is still practiced within many American families and tribes that still live off the land. I think a big difference between us and them (which there are a few tribal foragers still today), they live creating little impact on their environment, while we seem to not care so much about the harm we do to ours. I feel because of more time, we not only have the means to relax and socialize, but we also abuse it. We are not as active, and to some people their social part of life is their most important. So because of more time, people are becoming obese, lazy, and gossipy. That pretty much sums up over half of the American population.

The Feminine Mystique and the Organization Man Essay -- essays researc

For many years society has embraced the idea that the difference between men and women were biologically determined. Others see not only the physical but also the social, emotional and intellectual differences between males and females. Though through traditions, media, and press, we act accordingly to how others view us. Each individual has pressure placed upon them based on their genders. Our sex is determined by genetics while our gender is programmed by social customs. Gender roles by definition are the social norms that dictate what is socially appropriate male and female behavior. Some theories interpret that a woman is tender and a loving mother, while on the other hand men are aggressive and are the dominant one of the family. An individual gender role is modeled through socialization. Individuals learn the ways, traditions, norms, and rules of getting along with others. A person’s environment has a big influence on the roles deemed expectable for men and women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fact that gender roles exist is indisputable. Gender roles influence men and women in virtually every area of life. Early into childhood girls and boys are treated differently in families, schools, and other institutions. Most children are raised with the belief that girls are pretty in pink and boys are rough in blue. As infants grow older, their parents’ ideas about gender stereotypes continue to influence how their children are treated. Mothers and fathers tend to look at their baby girls as more fragile than their boys. Girls are encouraged to play with dolls, while boys are taught to play with trucks and army toys. This can be seen at just about any playground, schoolroom, or home in America. Commercials on TV show these same characteristics everyday. When a commercial for a Barbie doll comes on, you don’t see a boy playing with it. In fact you don’t see a boy in the commercial at all. Just the opposite is true for boys’ toys. Girls aren’t seen in their commercials either. There is TV shows that work the same way. When I was a kid, I watched cartoons like Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and my sister watched ones like Care Bears. Each show was obviously made and watched predominately by one gender. Girls don’t watch Ninja Turtles and boys don’t watch Care Bears. In present time, there is a whole channel devoted just to women. Women’s Entertainment Televi... ...children alone. Because of this, men are seen as the problem in relationships and the reason that there are so men single mothers. Once again if you look at television talk shows, you can see how many single mothers there are. Shows about troubled children, the fathers are never there. But it’s alright for women to raise children independently?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gender equality has been a social concern since man first stepped foot on the earth. When we think of gender equality discrimination is the first thought that comes to mind. Gender roles by definition are the social norms that dictate what is socially male and female behavior. The argument begins between these two sides when the gender roles in society are looked at more closely; are they fair on both sides, or do they in fact discriminate against he two sexes. Men are taught to be emotionless in times of stress and women are taught to be helpless and needy. This is how our society expects men and women to behave. Maybe in the near future as a culture we will use gender transcendence, in which as a people we will abandon our assigned gender ideas, so that other aspects of life become separated and gender free.

Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein Essay

In Chapter 5, Frankenstein brings the monster to life. Shelly uses a typical gothic method of mimicking Frankenstein’s disgust for the creature with weather, â€Å"the dreary night of November. † Frankenstein is appalled at his creation despite that the monster’s â€Å"limbs were in proportion† and he â€Å"had selected his features as beautiful†. Frankenstein then describes the creature in such a way that the reader learns that although Frankenstein attempted to create beauty but is faced with the disgusting looks of the creature. â€Å"†¦ his hair was of lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his†¦ shrivelled complexion and straight black lips. † Shelly uses an ironic contrast of life and death in describing the monster, using elements like â€Å"yellow skin† which is relevant to a new – born baby with jaundice and â€Å"straight black lips†, which is relevant to a dead body. She also uses descriptions like â€Å"shrivelled complexion† which is relevant to both a baby and a corpse. The creature also reacts to life as a new – born baby does. â€Å"It breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. This contrast is effective in showing the reader the irony in the fact that new life is given to parts of the dead. Shelly effectively describes the creature with enough detail to allow the reader to interpret the creature’s appearance individually and also empathise with Frankenstein. Frankenstein has been disillusioned whilst creating the monster, but when it becomes alive, he is faced with its ugliness and abandons him. This is not an example of unconditional love and links in with Elizabeth’s arrival into the Frankenstein family. â€Å"Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again endued with animation could not be more hideous as that wretch. † The memory of the shock of the monster’s looks is very powerful to Frankenstein and Shelly portrays this by using words like â€Å"Oh! † when Frankenstein is telling Walton his story. Frankenstein has a dream after creating his monster in which, as he kisses Elizabeth, she turns into the corpse of his dead mother. â€Å"I embraced her, but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death. I thought I held the corpse of my dead mother†. This dream shows that Frankenstein has subconscious fears of harm coming to his family, which does actually happen later on in the novel. The dream is an effective example of foreshadowing, another typical gothic technique effectively used by Shelly. The reader could also interpret that the dream foreshadows Frankenstein’s fears of creating the monster a â€Å"wife†. It presents the idea that although Frankenstein first thinks that building a companion for the monster will keep his family safe, the consequences could be much worse if he does as it is possible that the creatures will breed. The monster is not reunited with its creator until several months later, where he tells Frankenstein of the hardships of life he has endured as an abandoned and disfigured child. â€Å"Father† and â€Å"son† meet in the mountains; this location could be interpreted as an effort by Shelley to use the mountains symbolically, showing Frankenstein’s guilt for abandoning his â€Å"child† or as the towering glaciers threatening Frankenstein; telling him that nature is not to be toyed with by man. The creature learns that humans should have families by reading a book that he finds whilst living near the French family he grows to love. He meets a blind man from the family who treats him with kindness, but when the rest of the family see him, they drive him from their cottage with stones. This teaches the monster that people hate him for his ugliness and therefore develops a hatred for his creator for making him so ugly. Upon meeting Frankenstein, the creature makes a direct relationship between the bad parenting and upbringing he endures with his own desire to harm others when he claims â€Å"misery made me a fiend. † Shelley uses this line as a blatant point that bad parenting will result in evil.

Biofilm-Mediated Enhanced Crude Oil Degradation by

International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Diesel Engine Oil Degrading Bacteria from Garage Soil and Comparison of their Bioremediation Potential Teli Nikhil1, Verma Deepa2, Gavankar Rohan1 and Bhalerao Satish3 1 Department of Biotechnology, Viva College, Virar (W), Maharashtra, INDIA 2 Department of Botany, Viva College, Virar (w), Maharashtra, INDIA 3 Department of Botany, Wilson College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA Available online at: www. sca. in Received 30th November 2012, revised 12th January 2013, accepted 25th January 2013 Abstract The rate of biodegradation of diesel engine oil by microorganisms isolated from garage soil (petroleum contaminated soil) was studied. Modified diesel engine oil medium was used and two most abundant microorganisms were isolated from garage soil – Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were found to be hydrocarbon degraders and these two bacteria’s were selected for the degradation test. The degradation of diesel engine oil was monitored at a five day interval up to twenty five day period, using gravimetric method.After 25 days of incubation period, Pseudomonas sp. degraded 67. 57 % of the oil and Micrococcus sp. with 52. 95 %. But the mixture of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were found to have great potential to degrade diesel engine oil i. e. 89. 98 % after 25 days. The rate of degradation of diesel engine oil by Micrococcus sp. was found to be 7. 48 x 10-4gm/hr and that of Pseudomonas sp. was 9. 55 x 10-4gm/hr while the mixture of both bacterial isolates showed highest rate of degradation of diesel engine oil i. e. 1. 27 x 10-3gm/hr.Keywords: Bioremediation, Diesel engine oil, oil spills, hydrocarbon degraders, Micrococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. Introduction As we dig deeper into the modern industrial age of technologies, several aspects of human life change. People benefit largely from life development and many live in prosperity, but prosperity has a price. This price is paid by our environment that suffers daily from all kinds of pollutants and destruction. People now have to find ways to cure this destruction. Oil contamination is one of the most dangerous pollution factors known today.It can cause a threat to the environment. It is very feared by environmentalists and it's very hard to control if it gets out of hand. Oil spills have been a major issue across decades. One of the famous oil spills which are also ongoing is in Taylor Energy Well in Gulf of Mexico, U. S. A caused due to Hurricane; Sept 16, 2004 till present date and almost 0. 03- 0. 05 tones oil/per day is estimated to leak. Another recent oil spill was in Mumbai (India) and caused due to the leakage in Mumbai-Uran pipeline dated January 21, 2011 and about 55 tons of oil was leaked in Arabian Sea.Various such accidents occur throughout the years and it causes damage to our surrounding. Diesel engine oil, which is one of the major products of crude oil, constitutes a major source of pollution in our environment. With the combined dependence on diesel engine oil by some vehicles and generators, greater quantities are being transported over long distances. Therefore diesel engine oil can enter into the environment through wrecks of oil tankers carrying diesel oil, cleaning of diesel tanks by merchants, war ships carrying diesel oil and motor mechanics1. Diesel oil spills on agricultural land generally reduce plant growth.Suggested reasons for the reduced plant growth in diesel oil contaminated soils range from direct toxic effect on plants2 and reduced germination to unsatisfactory soil condition due to insufficient aeration of the soil because of the displacement of air from the space between the soil particles by diesel engine oil3. Among several clean–up techniques available to remove petroleum hydrocarbons fr om the soil and groundwater, bioremediation processes are gaining ground due to their simplicity, higher efficiency and cost–effectiveness when compared to other technologies4.This study was therefore designed to monitor the rate of biodegradation of diesel engine oil (hydrocarbon) by microorganisms isolated from garage soil (petroleum contaminated soil), by using gravimetric method. Material and Methods Preparation of modified diesel oil medium: The modified diesel oil medium comprised of 0. 7 gm K2HPO4, 0. 1 gm (NH4)2SO4, 0. 3 gm KH2PO4, 0. 3 gm MgSO4 7H2O, 2. 2 gm agar – agar5. The mineral components of the medium were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and mixed with 2 ml of Gulf diesel engine oil. The medium was autoclaved at 121oC for 15 min. International Science Congress Association 8 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Envir onment Sci. Enrichment of microorganisms: Microorganisms capable of degrading diesel engine oil were enriched in sterile modified diesel engine oil medium by inoculating soil (which was collected from Maharashtra garage, 65 years old garage at Sewri) in to the medium in 250 ml conical flask. 0. 5 gm of this garage soil was inoculated in to the 100 ml of sterile modified diesel oil broth and allowed to incubate at 37oC for 1 week.Isolation of microorganisms: After 1 week of incubation period, 1 drop of enriched culture was spread on to the sterile modified diesel oil agar plate. The plate was incubated at 37oC for 48 hr. After 48 hr incubation; two different bacterial colonies were selected from incubated plate. Each bacterial colony type was sub cultured repeatedly onto sterile nutrient agar plates to obtain a pure culture. Pure cultures of bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of their colonial morphology, cellular morphology and biochemical characteristics according to t he taxonomic scheme of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology6.Determination of microbial colony numbers for degradation studies: 5 ml of sterile Nutrient broth was aseptically inoculated with a loopful of pure culture of Colony 1(C1) in first test tube and Colony 2 (C2) in second test tube and incubated both the tubes at 37oC for 24 hr. After incubation, the numbers of organisms present in one ml of nutrient broth were determined by spread plate method. The numbers of organisms were adjusted in both the tubes in such a way that both the isolates contain approximately equal numbers of microorganism in one ml of sample by using sterile Nutrient broth as a diluent7.Soil sample collection and preparation: Top surface soil sample was collected from the premises of the Shahid Bhagatsingh Ground, Kalachowki; in sterilized plastic containers. Soil sample meant for degradation studies was sterilized using autoclave at 121oC for 15 min, after which it was allowed to cool to roo m temperature for further treatments. Description and treatment of samples: Test: i. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C1, ii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 48 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C 2, iii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 1 ml culture of C1+ 0. 1 ml culture of C 2 Control: 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml of sterile distilled water. Diesel oil degradation studies: The ability of C1, C2 and mixture of both the bacterial isolates to degrade diesel oil was monitored on the first day (day zero) of the study and subsequently at 5-day interval for 25 days.Carbon tetrachloride was employed as an extractant. On each day, two samples per single treatment were analyzed for the quantity of residual dies el oil7. Each of the 15gm soil treatment samples was mixed with 40 ml of carbon tetrachloride, placed in a separating conical flask, shaken vigorously for 3 min and allowed to settle for 5 min. The liquid phase was separated by allowing the supernatant (diesel oil – carbon tetrachloride) to pass gradually through a funnel fitted with filter paper (Whatman No 1). Anhydrous sodium sulphate spread on the filter paper was employed to remove any moisture in the mixture.The liquid phase was collected in a 50-ml pre-weighed beaker. The beaker containing the extract was placed in an oven and the extractant allowed to evaporate at 50oC. The beaker with the residual diesel oil was allowed to cool to room temperature and weighed to determine the quantity of residual diesel oil by difference8. Results and Discussion In this study, the soil samples were gathered from the garage (oil contaminated site) because the capability of native bacterial population to mineralize crude oil hydrocarbo ns in oil contaminated sites was confirmed before by many scientists9.The rate of biodegradation of Diesel engine oil by hydrocarbonoclastic organisms isolated from garage soil were assessed. Table – 1 and table – 2 shows that, using cultural characteristics and biochemical characteristics, two bacterial isolates; Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were identified by compairing it with the Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. The number of CFU/ml of both the bacterial isolates was adjusted to 7. 88 x 107 CFU/ml for degradation studies. The biodegraders which were Micrococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. and Mixture of both the culture showed different abilities in the breakdown and utilization of the diesel engine oil. Character Colony 1 Colony 2 Size 1-2 mm 2-3 mm Table-1 Colony characteristics of bacterial isolates on Nutrient agar plate Shape Elevation Colour Consistency Circular Irregular Convex Flat Yellowish Fluorescent green Butyrous Mucoidal Opacity Opaque Translucent International Science Congress Association 49 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int.Res. J. Environment Sci. Table-2 Biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates C1 Positive Cocci Clusters No spore Non motile Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Acidic, No gas, No H2S Negative Negative Negative Positive Micrococcus sp. Character Gram stain Morphology Arrangement Endospore Motility Catalase Oxidase Citrate Indole Gelatin Glucose fermentation Lactose fermentation Sucrose fermentation Mannitol fermentation Tripple sugar iron Methyl red Voges proskauer Nitrate reduction Urea OrganismC2 Negative Rods Solitary No spore Sluggishly Motile Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Alkaline, No gas, No H2S Negative Neg ative Negative Negative Pseudomonas sp. Table-3 Weight of diesel engine oil extracted (on various days) from 15 gm soil samples polluted with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterilized diesel oil and 0. 2 ml of culture Day Sample I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV Weight of diesel oil extracted (gm) 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 807 gm 0. 801 gm 0. 30 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 787 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 663 gm 0. 348 gm 0. 483 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 545 gm 0. 290 gm 0. 271 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 399 gm 0. 275 gm 0. 085 gm 0. 848 gm Weight of diesel oil degraded (gm) 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 041 0. 047 0. 018 0. 000 0. 061 0. 209 0. 209 0. 000 0. 185 0. 500 0. 365 0. 000 0. 303 0. 558 0. 577 0. 000 0. 449 0. 573 0. 763 0. 000 Rate of degradation (gm/hr) 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 3. 42 x 10-4 3. 92 x 10-4 1. 50 x 10-4 0. 00 2. 54 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 0. 00 5. 14 x 10-4 1. 39 x 10-3 1. 01 x 10-3 0. 00 6. 31 x 10-4 1. 6 x 10-3 1. 20 x 10-3 0. 0 0 7. 48 x 10-4 9. 55 x 10-4 1. 27 x 10-3 0. 00 0 5 10 15 20 25 *values are means of twice determinations. Key: i. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. ii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Pseudomonas sp. iii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. IV. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil International Science Congress Association 50 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J.Environment Sci. Diesel engine oil degradation study by Micrococcus sp: It was seen that the rate of diesel oil degradation by Micrococcus sp. was slow as compared to the rate of degradation of diesel oil by Pseudomonas sp. and mixture of Micrococcus sp. and pseudomonas sp. But the diesel oil degradation potential of Micrococcus sp. was continuously increasing as the time of contact between oil and organism increased. D iesel engine oil degradation study by Pseudomonas sp: It can be seen that the efficiency of Pseudomonas sp. to degrade diesel engine oil is faster than that of Micrococcus sp.As the incubation period increases the rate of degradation of diesel engine oil also increases. But it was seen that till 15th day, the rate of degradation was much faster. This was probably due to the exponential phase of the cell growth but after that the rate of degradation was slightly decreased. It was possibly because of cells of the Pseudomonas sp. were near to its stationary phase of cell growth. Diesel engine oil degradation study by mixture of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp: The weight of diesel oil extracted from soil containing diesel engine oil and mixture of both bacterial isolates i. . Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. showed continuous weight loss till the 25th day of incubation period. After 5th day of incubation period it was seen that there was a drastic increase in the rate of diesel oil degradation till the 25th day of incubation period which was quite higher than that of the single culture of Micrococcus sp. as well as that of the Pseudomonas sp. In this case it was found that around 90% of the diesel engine oil was degraded after 25th day and rate of degradation of diesel oil was found to be continuously increasing i. e. 1. 50 x 10-4gm/hr after 5th day to 1. 7 x 10-3gm/hr after 25th day. Conclusion When Micrococcus sp. is used in combination with Pseudomonas sp. it showed a great potential to diesel oil degradation. This was probably due to the different enzyme system from two different bacterial isolates that acts on hydrocarbon at a time which proved to be an excellent option to degrade that hydrocarbon if both the bacterial enzyme system posses considerable efficiency to act upon it and to degrade it10. This was followed by single culture of Pseudomonas sp and then Micrococcus sp. The oil degradation by Pseudomonas sp. as not surprising not only because it wa s isolated from garage soil which was already contaminated by oil and grease but also because it is known to possess a more competent and active hydrocarbon degrading enzyme system than Micrococcus sp. It is known to be fast growing and is capable of degrading a wide variety of organic compounds11. In the case of Micrococcus sp. which is also known to posses the considerable efficiency to use it as an oil degrader, but it requires more time compared to that of the Pseudomonas sp. Figure–1 Comparison of % Diesel engine oil degradationInternational Science Congress Association 51 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Figure–2 Comparison: Rate of Diesel engine oil degradation (gm/hr) By using biological processes, as in the case of bioremediation, usually lowers the costs as compared to chemical treatment processes for variou s contaminated sites. It is also less disturbing to the environment. However, because it is a natural process, it requires time.The above experiment shows that bioremediation can be used effectively to treat oil contaminated soil. The remarkable rate of diesel oil degradation by bacterial isolates shown by this method allows for the safe and convenient use of this microorganism in the oil contaminated area. Moreover the results obtained from the comparison between the diesel oil degrading ability of Pseudomonas sp. , Micrococcus sp. and mixture of both helps them to use in different bioremediation processes based upon their efficiencies. And the advantages of employing mixed cultures as opposed to pure cultures in bioremediation have been demonstrated. . 3. Baker J. M. , Mangroove swamps and the oil Industry, Environ. Pollut. Bull. , 12 (1982) Zahir A. Z. , Malik M. A. R. and Arshad M. , The effect of oil pollution of soil on germination, growth and nutrient uptake of corn, Journal of Environmental Quality, 4, 537-540 (2001) Adriano Pinto Mariano, Ana Paula de Arruda Geraldes Kataoka, Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis Daniel Marcos Bonotto, Laboratory study on the bioremediation of diesel oil contaminated soil from a petrol station, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38(2), (2007) Nwaogu L.A. , Onyeze G. O. C and Nwabueze R. N. , Degradation of diesel oil in a polluted soil using Bacillus subtilis, African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1939-1943 (2008) Bergey D. H. , Holt John G. , et al, Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins (1994) Dong-ju Kim, Seung-gun Chung, Sang-hyup Lee and Jae-woo Choi, Relation of microbial biomass to counting units for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, African Journal of Microbiology, 6(21), 4620-4622 (2012) Udeme J. J. , Antai S. P. Biodegradation and Mineralization of Crude oil by Bacteria, Niger. J. Biotechnol. , 5: 77-85. (1988) Akhavan Sepahi, I. Dejban Golpasha, M. Emami, A. M. Nakhoda, Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng. , 5(3), 149-154 (2008) crude oil by bacteria, Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, 5, 7986 (1988) 4. 5. 6. 7. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to: Management, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. K. P. N. Kutty, Co-Ordinator, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. , Dr. R. D.Bhagat, Principal, VIVA College, Virar (w) Maharashtra, Non Teaching Staff , Dept. Biological sciences ,VIVA College Virar (w) Maharashtra. 8. 9. 10. Ijah U. J. J. , Antai S. P. , Degradation and mineralization of References 1. Hill G. B. , Moxey J. G. , Gasoline and Diesel oil In: Gathee VB (ed) Petroleum Product Handbook Mc-Grew Hill, 4, 1-4 NY (1980) 11. Ijah U. J. J. , Okang C. N. , Petroleum Degrading capabilities of bacteria isolated from soil, W. A. J. Biol. Appl. Chem. , 38(1-4), 915 (1993) International Science Congress Association 52